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18 U.S.C. § 1231 — Transportation of strikebreakers
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whoever willfully transports in interstate or foreign commerce any person who is employed or is to be employed for the purpose of obstructing or interfering by force or threats with (1) peaceful picketing by employees during any labor controversy affecting wages, hours, or conditions of labor, or (2) the exercise by employees of any of the rights of self-organization or collective bargaining; or
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-1231-transportation-of-strikebreakers--1d9b96be2d.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 57, § 1231; chapter-057-labor.md
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Whoever willfully transports in interstate or foreign commerce any person who is employed or is to be employed for the purpose of obstructing or interfering by force or threats with (1) peaceful picketing by employees during any labor controversy affecting wages, hours, or conditions of labor, or (2) the exercise by employees of any of the rights of self-organization or collective bargaining; or
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
**(b)** Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whoever knowingly and willfully files any false or fraudulent entry or claim for the payment of drawback, allowance, or refund of duties upon the exportation of merchandise, or knowingly or willfully makes or files any false affidavit, abstract, record, certificate, or other document, with a view to securing the payment to himself or others of any drawback, allowance, or refund of duties, on the exportation of merchandise, greater than that legally due thereon, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both, and such merchandise or the value thereof shall be forfeited.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 357
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 1261
1 So in original. There is no subsec. (b).
(1) the defendant acted within the provisions
of a valid court order granting the defendant
legal custody or visitation rights and that
order was obtained pursuant to the Uniform
Child Custody Jurisdiction Act or the Uniform
Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Act and was in effect at the time of the of-
fense;
(2) the defendant was fleeing an incidence or
pattern of domestic violence; or
(3) the defendant had physical custody of the
child pursuant to a court order granting legal
custody or visitation rights and failed to re-
turn the child as a result of circumstances be-
yond the defendant’s control, and the defend-
ant notified or made reasonable attempts to
notify the other parent or lawful custodian of
the child of such circumstances within 24
hours after the visitation period had expired
and returned the child as soon as possible.
(d) This section does not detract from The
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Inter-
national Parental Child Abduction, done at The
Hague on October 25, 1980.
(Added Pub. L. 103–173, § 2(a), Dec. 2, 1993, 107
Stat. 1998; amended Pub. L. 108–21, title I, § 107,
Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 655.)
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–21, § 107(1), inserted ‘‘, or
attempts to do so,’’ before ‘‘or retains’’.
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–21, § 107(2)(A), inserted ‘‘or
the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforce-
ment Act’’ before ‘‘and was’’.
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–21, § 107(2)(B), inserted ‘‘or’’
after semicolon at end.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
SENSE
OF CONGRESS REGARDING USE
OF PROCEDURES
UNDER THE HAGUE CONVENTION
ON
THE CIVIL AS-
PECTS
OF
INTERNATIONAL
PARENT
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