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29 U.S.C. § 255 — Statute of limitations
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Any action commenced on or after May 14, 1947, to enforce any cause of action for unpaid minimum wages, unpaid overtime compensation, or liquidated damages, under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 201](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section201&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Walsh-Healey Act, or the Bacon-Davis Act 11 See References in Text note below. —
**(a)** if the cause of action accrues on or after May 14, 1947—may be commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, and every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years after the cause of action accrued;
**(b)** if the cause of action accrued prior to May 14, 1947—may be commenced within whichever of the following periods is the shorter: (1) two years after the cause of action accrued, or (2) the period prescribed by the applicable State statute of limitations; and, except as provided in paragraph (c), every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within the shorter of such two periods;
**(c)** if the cause of action accrued prior to May 14, 1947, the action shall not be barred by paragraph (b) if it is commenced within one hundred and twenty days after May 14, 1947 unless at the time commenced it is barred by an applicable State statute of limitations;
**(d)** with respect to any cause of action brought under [section 216(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section216/b&num=0&edition=prelim) against a State or a political subdivision of a State in a district court of the United States on or before April 18,
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Source location: Title 29, Chapter 9, § 255; chapter-009-portal-to-portal-pay.md
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Any action commenced on or after May 14, 1947, to enforce any cause of action for unpaid minimum wages, unpaid overtime compensation, or liquidated damages, under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 201](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section201&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Walsh-Healey Act, or the Bacon-Davis Act 11 See References in Text note below. —
**(a)** if the cause of action accrues on or after May 14, 1947—may be commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, and every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years after the cause of action accrued;
**(b)** if the cause of action accrued prior to May 14, 1947—may be commenced within whichever of the following periods is the shorter: (1) two years after the cause of action accrued, or (2) the period prescribed by the applicable State statute of limitations; and, except as provided in paragraph (c), every such action shall be forever barred unless commenced within the shorter of such two periods;
**(c)** if the cause of action accrued prior to May 14, 1947, the action shall not be barred by paragraph (b) if it is commenced within one hundred and twenty days after May 14, 1947 unless at the time commenced it is barred by an applicable State statute of limitations;
**(d)** with respect to any cause of action brought under [section 216(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section216/b&num=0&edition=prelim) against a State or a political subdivision of a State in a district court of the United States on or before April 18, 1973, the running of the statutory periods of limitation shall be deemed suspended during the period beginning with the commencement of any such action and ending one hundred and eighty days after the effective date of the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1974, except that such suspension shall not be applicable if in such action judgment has been entered for the defendant on the grounds other than State immunity from Federal jurisdiction.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter—
**(a)** “Person” means an individual, partnership, association, corporation, business trust, legal representative, or any organized group of persons.
**(b)** “Commerce” means trade, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several States or between any State and any place outside thereof.
**(c)** “State” means any State of the United States or the District of Columbia or any Territory or possession of the United States.
**(d)** “Employer” includes any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee and includes a public agency, but does not include any labor organization (other than when acting as an employer) or anyone acting in the capacity of officer or agent of such labor organization.
**(e)**
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2), (3), and (4), the term “employee” means any individual employed by an employer.
(2) In the case of an individual employed by a public agency, such term means—
(A) any individual employed by the Government of the United States—
(i) as a civilian in the military departments (as defined in [section 102 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section102&num=0&edition=prelim)),
(ii) in any executive agency (as defined in section 105 of such title),
(iii) in any unit of the judicial branch of the Government which has positions in the competitive service,
(iv) in a nonappropriated fund instrumentality under the jurisdiction of the Armed Forces,
(v) in the Library of Congress, or
(vi) the 11 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “in”. Government Publishing Office;
(B) any individual employed by the United States Postal Service or the Postal Regulatory Commi
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
This chapter may be cited as the “Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938”.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress finds that the existence, in industries engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, of labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being of workers (1) causes commerce and the channels and instrumentalities of commerce to be used to spread and perpetuate such labor conditions among the workers of the several States; (2) burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; (3) constitutes an unfair method of competition in commerce; (4) leads to labor disputes burdening and obstructing commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; and (5) interferes with the orderly and fair marketing of goods in commerce. That Congress further finds that the employment of persons in domestic service in households affects commerce.
**(b)** It is declared to be the policy of this chapter, through the exercise by Congress of its power to regulate commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, to correct and as rapidly as practicable to eliminate the conditions above referred to in such industries without substantially curtailing employment or earning power.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** When the terms “employer”, “employee”, and “wage” are used in this chapter in relation to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 201](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section201&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], they shall have the same meaning as when used in such Act of 1938.
**(b)** When the term “employer” is used in this chapter in relation to the Walsh-Healey Act or Bacon-Davis Act 11 See References in Text note below. it shall mean the contractor or subcontractor covered by such Act.
**(c)** When the term “employee” is used in this chapter in relation to the Walsh-Healey Act or the Bacon-Davis Act 1 it shall mean any individual employed by the contractor or subcontractor covered by such Act in the performance of his contract or subcontract.
**(d)** The term “Wash-Healey Act” 22 So in original. Probably should be “Walsh-Healey Act”. means the Act entitled “An Act to provide conditions for the purchase of supplies and the making of contracts by the United States, and for other purposes”, approved June 30, 1936 (49 Stat. 2036), as amended; 1 and the term “Bacon-Davis Act” means the Act entitled “An Act to amend the Act approved March 3, 1931, relating to the rate of wages for laborers and mechanics employed by contractors and subcontractors on public buildings”, approved August 30, 1935 (49 Stat. 1011), as amended.1
**(e)** As used in [section 255 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section255&num=0&edition=prelim) the term “State” means any State of the United States or the District of Columbia or any Territory or possession of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The district courts, together with the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone, the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and the District Court of Guam shall have jurisdiction, for cause shown, to restrain violations of [section 215 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section215&num=0&edition=prelim), including in the case of violations of [section 215(a)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section215/a/2&num=0&edition=prelim) the restraint of any withholding of payment of minimum wages or overtime compensation found by the court to be due to employees under this chapter (except sums which employees are barred from recovering, at the time of the commencement of the action to restrain the violations, by virtue of the provisions of [section 255 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section255&num=0&edition=prelim)).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In determining when an action is commenced for the purposes of [section 255 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section255&num=0&edition=prelim), an action commenced on or after May 14, 1947 under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 201](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section201&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Walsh-Healey Act, or the Bacon-Davis Act,11 See References in Text note below. shall be considered to be commenced on the date when the complaint is filed; except that in the case of a collective or class action instituted under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, or the Bacon-Davis Act,1 it shall be considered to be commenced in the case of any individual claimant—
**(a)** on the date when the complaint is filed, if he is specifically named as a party plaintiff in the complaint and his written consent to become a party plaintiff is filed on such date in the court in which the action is brought; or
**(b)** if such written consent was not so filed or if his name did not so appear—on the subsequent date on which such written consent is filed in the court in which the action was commenced.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Attendance of witnesses; investigations, inspections, records, and homework regulations** The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall have the power to make investigations and require the keeping of records necessary or appropriate for the administration of this chapter in accordance with the powers and procedures provided in sections 209 and 211 of this title.
**(b) Enforcement; prohibition of age discrimination under fair labor standards; unpaid minimum wages and unpaid overtime compensation; liquidated damages; judicial relief; conciliation, conference, and persuasion** The provisions of this chapter shall be enforced in accordance with the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in sections 211(b), 216 (except for subsection (a) thereof), and 217 of this title, and subsection (c) of this section. Any act prohibited under [section 623 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section623&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be deemed to be a prohibited act under [section 215 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section215&num=0&edition=prelim). Amounts owing to a person as a result of a violation of this chapter shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation for purposes of sections 216 and 217 of this title: Provided, That liquidated damages shall be payable only in cases of willful violations of this chapter. In any action brought to enforce this chapter the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this chapter, including without limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement or promotion, or enforcing the liability for amounts deemed to be unpaid minimum
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 62
TITLE 29—LABOR
§ 201
Sec.
215.
Prohibited acts; prima facie evidence.
216.
Penalties.
216a.
Repealed.
216b.
Liability for overtime work performed prior
to July 20, 1949.
217.
Injunction proceedings.
218.
Relation to other laws.
218a.
Repealed.
218b.
Notice to employees.
218c.
Protections for employees.
218d.
Breastfeeding accommodations in the work-
place.
219.
Separability.
§ 201. Short title
This chapter may be cited as the ‘‘Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938’’.
(June 25, 1938, ch. 676, § 1, 52 Stat. 1060.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
SHORT TITLE OF 2022 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 117–328, div. KK, § 101, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat.
6093, provided that: ‘‘This division [enacting section
218d of this title, amending sections 207, 215, and 216 of
this title and section 20168 of Title 49, Transportation,
and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections
207, 215, and 218d of this title and section 20168 of Title
49] may be cited as the ‘Providing Urgent Maternal
Protections for Nursing Mothers Act’ or the ‘PUMP for
Nursing Mothers Act’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8101, May 25, 2007, 121 Stat.
188,
provided
that:
‘‘This
subtitle
[subtitle
A
(§§ 8101–8104) of title VIII of Pub. L. 110–28, amending
section 206 of this title, repealing sections 205 and 208
of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes
under section 206 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Fair
Minimum Wage Act of 2007’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 2000 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 106–202, § 1, May 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 308, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 207 of this title and
enacting provisions set out as notes under section 207
of this title] may be cited as the ‘Worker Economic Op-
portunity Act’.’’
SHORT
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 114
TITLE 29—LABOR
§ 255
1 See References in Text note below.
mences, or subsequent to the time on any par-
ticular workday at which he ceases, such prin-
cipal activity or activities. For purposes of this
subsection, the use of an employer’s vehicle for
travel by an employee and activities performed
by an employee which are incidental to the use
of such vehicle for commuting shall not be con-
sidered part of the employee’s principal activi-
ties if the use of such vehicle for travel is within
the normal commuting area for the employer’s
business or establishment and the use of the em-
ployer’s vehicle is subject to an agreement on
the part of the employer and the employee or
representative of such employee.
(b) Compensability by contract or custom
Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection
(a) which relieve an employer from liability and
punishment with respect to any activity, the
employer shall not be so relieved if such activity
is compensable by either—
(1) an express provision of a written or non-
written contract in effect, at the time of such
activity, between such employee, his agent, or
collective-bargaining representative and his
employer; or
(2) a custom or practice in effect, at the time
of such activity, at the establishment or other
place where such employee is employed, cov-
ering such activity, not inconsistent with a
written or nonwritten contract, in effect at
the time of such activity, between such em-
ployee, his agent, or collective-bargaining rep-
resentative and his employer.
(c) Restriction on activities compensable under
contract or custom
For the purposes of subsection (b), an activity
shall be considered as compensable under such
contract provision or such custom or practice
only when it is engaged in durin
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