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26 U.S.C. § 453B — Gain or loss on disposition of installment obligations
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** If an installment obligation is satisfied at other than its face value or distributed, transmitted, sold, or otherwise disposed of, gain or loss shall result to the extent of the difference between the basis of the obligation and—
(1) the amount realized, in the case of satisfaction at other than face value or a sale or exchange, or
(2) the fair market value of the obligation at the time of distribution, transmission, or disposition, in the case of the distribution, transmission, or disposition otherwise than by sale or exchange.
any gain or loss so resulting shall be considered as resulting from the sale or exchange of the property in respect of which the installment obligation was received.
**(b) Basis of obligation** The basis of an installment obligation shall be the excess of the face value of the obligation over an amount equal to the income which would be returnable were the obligation satisfied in full.
**(c) Special rule for transmission at death** Except as provided in section 691 (relating to recipients of income in respect of decedents), this section shall not apply to the transmission of installment obligations at death.
**(d) Exception for distributions to which section 337(a) applies** Subsection (a) shall not apply to any distribution to which section 337(a) applies.
**(e) Life insurance companies**
(1) **In general** — In the case of a disposition of an installment obligation by any person other than a life insurance company (as defined in section 816(a)) to such an insurance company or to a partnership of which such an insurance company is a partner, no provision of this subtitle providing for the nonrecognition of gain shall apply with respect to any gain resulting under subsection (a). If a corporation which is a life insu
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-26/section-453b-gain-or-loss-on-disposition-of-installment-obligations--e99ca6635a.md
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Source location: Title 26, Chapter 1, § 453B; chapter-001-normal-taxes-and-surtaxes.md
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**(a) General rule** If an installment obligation is satisfied at other than its face value or distributed, transmitted, sold, or otherwise disposed of, gain or loss shall result to the extent of the difference between the basis of the obligation and—
(1) the amount realized, in the case of satisfaction at other than face value or a sale or exchange, or
(2) the fair market value of the obligation at the time of distribution, transmission, or disposition, in the case of the distribution, transmission, or disposition otherwise than by sale or exchange.
any gain or loss so resulting shall be considered as resulting from the sale or exchange of the property in respect of which the installment obligation was received.
**(b) Basis of obligation** The basis of an installment obligation shall be the excess of the face value of the obligation over an amount equal to the income which would be returnable were the obligation satisfied in full.
**(c) Special rule for transmission at death** Except as provided in section 691 (relating to recipients of income in respect of decedents), this section shall not apply to the transmission of installment obligations at death.
**(d) Exception for distributions to which section 337(a) applies** Subsection (a) shall not apply to any distribution to which section 337(a) applies.
**(e) Life insurance companies**
(1) **In general** — In the case of a disposition of an installment obligation by any person other than a life insurance company (as defined in section 816(a)) to such an insurance company or to a partnership of which such an insurance company is a partner, no provision of this subtitle providing for the nonrecognition of gain shall apply with respect to any gain resulting under subsection (a). If a corporation which is a life insurance company for the taxable year was (for the preceding taxable year) a corporation which was not a life insurance company, such corporation shall, for purposes of this subsection and subsection (a), be treated as having transferred to a life insurance company, on the last day of the preceding taxable year, all installment obligations which it held on such last day. A partnership of which a life insurance company becomes a partner shall, for purposes of this subsection and subsection (a), be treated as having transferred to a life insurance company, on the last day of the preceding taxable year of such partnership, all installment obligations which it holds at the time such insurance company becomes a partner.
(2) **Special rule where life insurance company elects to treat income as not related to insurance business** — Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any transfer or deemed transfer of an installment obligation if the life insurance company elects (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe) to determine its life insurance company taxable income—
(A) by returning the income on such installment obligation under the installment method prescribed in section 453, and
(B) as if such income were an item attributable to a noninsurance business.
(3) **Noninsurance business**
(A) *In general* — For purposes of this subsection, the term “noninsurance business” means any activity which is not an insurance business.
(B) *Certain activities treated as insurance businesses* — For purposes of subparagraph (A), any activity which is not an insurance business shall be treated as an insurance business if—
(i) it is of a type traditionally carried on by life insurance companies for investment purposes, but only if the carrying on of such activity (other than in the case of real estate) does not constitute the active conduct of a trade or business, or
(ii) it involves the performance of administrative services in connection with plans providing life insurance, pension, or accident and health benefits.
**(f) Obligation becomes unenforceable** For purposes of this section, if any installment obligation is canceled or otherwise becomes unenforceable—
(1) the obligation shall be treated as if it were disposed of in a transaction other than a sale or exchange, and
(2) if the obligor and obligee are related persons (within the meaning of section 453(f)(1)), the fair market value of the obligation shall be treated as not less than its face amount.
**(g) Transfers between spouses or incident to divorce** In the case of any transfer described in subsection (a) of section 1041 (other than a transfer in trust)—
(1) subsection (a) of this section shall not apply, and
(2) the same tax treatment with respect to the transferred installment obligation shall apply to the transferee as would have applied to the transferor.
**(h) Certain liquidating distributions by S corporations** If—
(1) an installment obligation is distributed by an S corporation in a complete liquidation, and
(2) receipt of the obligation is not treated as payment for the stock by reason of section 453(h)(1),
then, except for purposes of any tax imposed by subchapter S, no gain or loss with respect to the distribution of the obligation shall be recognized by the distributing corporation. Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the character of the gain or loss to the shareholder shall be determined in accordance with the principles of section 1366(b).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title II, § 211(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 724; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title X, § 1011(a), (b)(5)–(8), (11)(A), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2388, 2389, related to small life insurance company deduction.
A prior section 806, added Pub. L. 86–69, § 2(a), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 120; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, related to certain changes in reserves and assets, prior to the general revision of this part by Pub. L. 98–369, § 211(a).
Another prior section 806, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 258, related to adjustment for certain reserves, prior to the general revision of this part by act Mar. 13, 1956, ch. 83, § 2, 70 Stat. 36.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13512(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date of 2017 Amendment note under [section 453B of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section453b&num=0&edition=prelim).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** For purposes of this title—
(1) **Retirement** — Amounts received by the holder on retirement of any debt instrument shall be considered as amounts received in exchange therefor.
(2) **Ordinary income on sale or exchange where intention to call before maturity**
(A) *In general* — If at the time of original issue there was an intention to call a debt instrument before maturity, any gain realized on the sale or exchange thereof which does not exceed an amount equal to—
(i) the original issue discount, reduced by
(ii) the portion of original issue discount previously includible in the gross income of any holder (without regard to section 1272(a)(7) (or the corresponding provisions of prior law)),
shall be treated as ordinary income.
(B) *Exceptions* — This paragraph shall not apply to—
(i) any tax-exempt obligation, or
(ii) any holder who has purchased the debt instrument at a premium.
(3) **Certain short-term Government obligations**
(A) *In general* — On the sale or exchange of any short-term Government obligation, any gain realized which does not exceed an amount equal to the ratable share of the acquisition discount shall be treated as ordinary income.
(B) *Short-term Government obligation* — For purposes of this paragraph, the term “short-term Government obligation” means any obligation of the United States or any of its possessions, or of a State or any political subdivision thereof, or of the District of Columbia, which has a fixed maturity date not more than 1 year from the date of issue. Such term does not include any tax-exempt obligation.
(C) *Acquisition discount* — For purposes of this paragraph, the term “acquisition discount” means the excess of the stated redemption price at maturity over the t
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Tax imposed** A tax is hereby imposed for each taxable year on the life insurance company taxable income of every life insurance company. Such tax shall consist of a tax computed as provided in section 11 as though the life insurance company taxable income were the taxable income referred to in section 11.
**(b) Life insurance company taxable income** For purposes of this part, the term “life insurance company taxable income” means—
(1) life insurance gross income, reduced by
(2) life insurance deductions.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of—
(1) every married individual (as defined in section 7703) who makes a single return jointly with his spouse under section 6013, and
(2) every surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(a)),
a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $36,90015% of taxable income. Over $36,900 but not over $89,150$5,535, plus 28% of the excess over $36,900. Over $89,150 but not over $140,000$20,165, plus 31% of the excess over $89,150. Over $140,000 but not over $250,000$35,928.50, plus 36% of the excess over $140,000. Over $250,000$75,528.50, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000.
**(b) Heads of households** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of every head of a household (as defined in section 2(b)) a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $29,60015% of taxable income. Over $29,600 but not over $76,400$4,440, plus 28% of the excess over $29,600. Over $76,400 but not over $127,500$17,544, plus 31% of the excess over $76,400. Over $127,500 but not over $250,000$33,385, plus 36% of the excess over $127,500. Over $250,000$77,485, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000.
**(c) Unmarried individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of households)** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of every individual (other than a surviving spouse as defined in section 2(a) or the head of a household as defined in section 2(b)) who is not a married individual (as defined in section 7703) a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $22,10015% of taxable income. Over $22,100 but not over $53,50
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Energy credit**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of section 46, except as provided in paragraphs (1)(B), (2)(B), and (3)(B) of subsection (c), the energy credit for any taxable year is the energy percentage of the basis of each energy property placed in service during such taxable year.
(2) **Energy percentage**
(A) *In general* — Except as provided in paragraphs (6) and (7), the energy percentage is—
(i) 6 percent in the case of—
(I) qualified fuel cell property,
(II) energy property described in clause (i) or (iii) of paragraph (3)(A) but only with respect to property the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025,
(III) energy property described in paragraph (3)(A)(ii),
(IV) qualified small wind energy property,
(V) waste energy recovery property,
(VI) energy storage technology,
(VII) qualified biogas property,
(VIII) microgrid controllers, and
(IX) energy property described in clauses (v) and (vii) of paragraph (3)(A), and
(ii) in the case of any energy property to which clause (i) does not apply, 0 percent.
(B) *Coordination with rehabilitation credit* — The energy percentage shall not apply to that portion of the basis of any property which is attributable to qualified rehabilitation expenditures.
(C) *Nonapplication of increases to energy percentage* — For purposes of energy property described in subparagraph (A)(ii), the energy percentage applicable to such property pursuant to such subparagraph shall not be increased or otherwise adjusted by any provision of this section.
(3) **Energy property** — For purposes of this subpart, the term “energy property” means any property—
(A) which is—
(i) equipment which uses solar energy to generate electricity, to he
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** For purposes of this subtitle, if a purchasing corporation makes an election under this section (or is treated under subsection (e) as having made such an election), then, in the case of any qualified stock purchase, the target corporation—
(1) shall be treated as having sold all of its assets at the close of the acquisition date at fair market value in a single transaction, and
(2) shall be treated as a new corporation which purchased all of the assets referred to in paragraph (1) as of the beginning of the day after the acquisition date.
**(b) Basis of assets after deemed purchase**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of subsection (a), the assets of the target corporation shall be treated as purchased for an amount equal to the sum of—
(A) the grossed-up basis of the purchasing corporation’s recently purchased stock, and
(B) the basis of the purchasing corporation’s nonrecently purchased stock.
(2) **Adjustment for liabilities and other relevant items** — The amount described in paragraph (1) shall be adjusted under regulations prescribed by the Secretary for liabilities of the target corporation and other relevant items.
(3) **Election to step-up the basis of certain target stock**
(A) *In general* — Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the basis of the purchasing corporation’s nonrecently purchased stock shall be the basis amount determined under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph if the purchasing corporation makes an election to recognize gain as if such stock were sold on the acquisition date for an amount equal to the basis amount determined under subparagraph (B).
(B) *Determination of basis amount* — For purposes of subparagraph (A), the basis amount determined under this subparagraph shall be an amount equal to
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** No gain or loss shall be recognized on a transfer of property from an individual to (or in trust for the benefit of)—
(1) a spouse, or
(2) a former spouse, but only if the transfer is incident to the divorce.
**(b) Transfer treated as gift; transferee has transferor’s basis** In the case of any transfer of property described in subsection (a)—
(1) for purposes of this subtitle, the property shall be treated as acquired by the transferee by gift, and
(2) the basis of the transferee in the property shall be the adjusted basis of the transferor.
**(c) Incident to divorce** For purposes of subsection (a)(2), a transfer of property is incident to the divorce if such transfer—
(1) occurs within 1 year after the date on which the marriage ceases, or
(2) is related to the cessation of the marriage.
**(d) Special rule where spouse is nonresident alien** Subsection (a) shall not apply if the spouse (or former spouse) of the individual making the transfer is a nonresident alien.
**(e) Transfers in trust where liability exceeds basis** Subsection (a) shall not apply to the transfer of property in trust to the extent that—
(1) the sum of the amount of the liabilities assumed, plus the amount of the liabilities to which the property is subject, exceeds
(2) the total of the adjusted basis of the property transferred.
Proper adjustment shall be made under subsection (b) in the basis of the transferee in such property to take into account gain recognized by reason of the preceding sentence.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Allowance of deduction**
(1) **General rule** — There shall be allowed as a deduction any charitable contribution (as defined in subsection (c)) payment of which is made within the taxable year. A charitable contribution shall be allowable as a deduction only if verified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(2) **Corporations on accrual basis** — In the case of a corporation reporting its taxable income on the accrual basis, if—
(A) the board of directors authorizes a charitable contribution during any taxable year, and
(B) payment of such contribution is made after the close of such taxable year and on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of such taxable year,
then the taxpayer may elect to treat such contribution as paid during such taxable year. The election may be made only at the time of the filing of the return for such taxable year, and shall be signified in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe.
(3) **Future interests in tangible personal property** — For purposes of this section, payment of a charitable contribution which consists of a future interest in tangible personal property shall be treated as made only when all intervening interests in, and rights to the actual possession or enjoyment of, the property have expired or are held by persons other than the taxpayer or those standing in a relationship to the taxpayer described in section 267(b) or 707(b). For purposes of the preceding sentence, a fixture which is intended to be severed from the real property shall be treated as tangible personal property.
**(b) Percentage limitations**
(1) **Individuals** — In the case of an individual, the deduction provided in subsection (a) shall be limited as provided in the succeeding subparagra
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** Except as otherwise provided in this section or section 337, gain or loss shall be recognized to a liquidating corporation on the distribution of property in complete liquidation as if such property were sold to the distributee at its fair market value.
**(b) Treatment of liabilities** If any property distributed in the liquidation is subject to a liability or the shareholder assumes a liability of the liquidating corporation in connection with the distribution, for purposes of subsection (a) and section 337, the fair market value of such property shall be treated as not less than the amount of such liability.
**(c) Exception for liquidations which are part of a reorganization** For provision providing that this subpart does not apply to distributions in pursuance of a plan of reorganization, see section 361(c)(4).
**(d) Limitations on recognition of loss**
(1) **No loss recognized in certain distributions to related persons**
(A) *In general* — No loss shall be recognized to a liquidating corporation on the distribution of any property to a related person (within the meaning of section 267) if—
(i) such distribution is not pro rata, or
(ii) such property is disqualified property.
(B) *Disqualified property* — For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “disqualified property” means any property which is acquired by the liquidating corporation in a transaction to which section 351 applied, or as a contribution to capital, during the 5-year period ending on the date of the distribution. Such term includes any property if the adjusted basis of such property is determined (in whole or in part) by reference to the adjusted basis of property described in the preceding sentence.
(2) **Special rule for certain property acquired in cert
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** Except as otherwise provided in this section, income from an installment sale shall be taken into account for purposes of this title under the installment method.
**(b) Installment sale defined** For purposes of this section—
(1) **In general** — The term “installment sale” means a disposition of property where at least 1 payment is to be received after the close of the taxable year in which the disposition occurs.
(2) **Exceptions** — The term “installment sale” does not include—
(A) *Dealer dispositions* — Any dealer disposition (as defined in subsection (l)).
(B) *Inventories of personal property* — A disposition of personal property of a kind which is required to be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year.
**(c) Installment method defined** For purposes of this section, the term “installment method” means a method under which the income recognized for any taxable year from a disposition is that proportion of the payments received in that year which the gross profit (realized or to be realized when payment is completed) bears to the total contract price.
**(d) Election out**
(1) **In general** — Subsection (a) shall not apply to any disposition if the taxpayer elects to have subsection (a) not apply to such disposition.
(2) **Time and manner for making election** — Except as otherwise provided by regulations, an election under paragraph (1) with respect to a disposition may be made only on or before the due date prescribed by law (including extensions) for filing the taxpayer’s return of the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year in which the disposition occurs. Such an election shall be made in the manner prescribed by regulations.
(3) **Election revocable only with consent**
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