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15 U.S.C. § 1681c — Requirements relating to information contained in consumer reports
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Information excluded from consumer reports** Except as authorized under subsection (b), no consumer reporting agency may make any consumer report containing any of the following items of information:
(1) Cases under title 11 or under the Bankruptcy Act that, from the date of entry of the order for relief or the date of adjudication, as the case may be, antedate the report by more than 10 years.
(2) Civil suits, civil judgments, and records of arrest that, from date of entry, antedate the report by more than seven years or until the governing statute of limitations has expired, whichever is the longer period.
(3) Paid tax liens which, from date of payment, antedate the report by more than seven years.
(4) Accounts placed for collection or charged to profit and loss which antedate the report by more than seven years.
(5) Any other adverse item of information, other than records of convictions of crimes which antedates the report by more than seven years.
(6) The name, address, and telephone number of any medical information furnisher that has notified the agency of its status, unless—
(A) such name, address, and telephone number are restricted or reported using codes that do not identify, or provide information sufficient to infer, the specific provider or the nature of such services, products, or devices to a person other than the consumer; or
(B) the report is being provided to an insurance company for a purpose relating to engaging in the business of insurance other than property and casualty insurance.
(7) With respect to a consumer reporting agency described in [section 1681a(p) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681a/p&num=0&edition=prelim), any information related to a veteran’s medical deb
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 41, § 1681c; chapter-041-consumer-credit-protection.md
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**(a) Information excluded from consumer reports** Except as authorized under subsection (b), no consumer reporting agency may make any consumer report containing any of the following items of information:
(1) Cases under title 11 or under the Bankruptcy Act that, from the date of entry of the order for relief or the date of adjudication, as the case may be, antedate the report by more than 10 years.
(2) Civil suits, civil judgments, and records of arrest that, from date of entry, antedate the report by more than seven years or until the governing statute of limitations has expired, whichever is the longer period.
(3) Paid tax liens which, from date of payment, antedate the report by more than seven years.
(4) Accounts placed for collection or charged to profit and loss which antedate the report by more than seven years.
(5) Any other adverse item of information, other than records of convictions of crimes which antedates the report by more than seven years.
(6) The name, address, and telephone number of any medical information furnisher that has notified the agency of its status, unless—
(A) such name, address, and telephone number are restricted or reported using codes that do not identify, or provide information sufficient to infer, the specific provider or the nature of such services, products, or devices to a person other than the consumer; or
(B) the report is being provided to an insurance company for a purpose relating to engaging in the business of insurance other than property and casualty insurance.
(7) With respect to a consumer reporting agency described in [section 1681a(p) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681a/p&num=0&edition=prelim), any information related to a veteran’s medical debt if the date on which the hospital care, medical services, or extended care services was rendered relating to the debt antedates the report by less than 1 year if the consumer reporting agency has actual knowledge that the information is related to a veteran’s medical debt and the consumer reporting agency is in compliance with its obligation under section 302(c)(5) of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act.
(8) With respect to a consumer reporting agency described in [section 1681a(p) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681a/p&num=0&edition=prelim), any information related to a fully paid or settled veteran’s medical debt that had been characterized as delinquent, charged off, or in collection if the consumer reporting agency has actual knowledge that the information is related to a veteran’s medical debt and the consumer reporting agency is in compliance with its obligation under section 302(c)(5) of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act.
**(b) Exempted cases** The provisions of paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a) are not applicable in the case of any consumer credit report to be used in connection with—
(1) a credit transaction involving, or which may reasonably be expected to involve, a principal amount of $150,000 or more;
(2) the underwriting of life insurance involving, or which may reasonably be expected to involve, a face amount of $150,000 or more; or
(3) the employment of any individual at an annual salary which equals, or which may reasonably be expected to equal $75,000, or more.
**(c) Running of reporting period**
(1) **In general** — The 7-year period referred to in paragraphs (4) and (6) of subsection (a) shall begin, with respect to any delinquent account that is placed for collection (internally or by referral to a third party, whichever is earlier), charged to profit and loss, or subjected to any similar action, upon the expiration of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the commencement of the delinquency which immediately preceded the collection activity, charge to profit and loss, or similar action.
(2) **Effective date** — Paragraph (1) shall apply only to items of information added to the file of a consumer on or after the date that is 455 days after September 30, 1996.
**(d) Information required to be disclosed**
(1) **Title 11 information** — Any consumer reporting agency that furnishes a consumer report that contains information regarding any case involving the consumer that arises under title 11 shall include in the report an identification of the chapter of such title 11 under which such case arises if provided by the source of the information. If any case arising or filed under title 11 is withdrawn by the consumer before a final judgment, the consumer reporting agency shall include in the report that such case or filing was withdrawn upon receipt of documentation certifying such withdrawal.
(2) **Key factor in credit score information** — Any consumer reporting agency that furnishes a consumer report that contains any credit score or any other risk score or predictor on any consumer shall include in the report a clear and conspicuous statement that a key factor (as defined in [section 1681g(f)(2)(B) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681g/f/2/B&num=0&edition=prelim)) that adversely affected such score or predictor was the number of enquiries, if such a predictor was in fact a key factor that adversely affected such score. This paragraph shall not apply to a check services company, acting as such, which issues authorizations for the purpose of approving or processing negotiable instruments, electronic fund transfers, or similar methods of payments, but only to the extent that such company is engaged in such activities.
**(e) Indication of closure of account by consumer** If a consumer reporting agency is notified pursuant to [section 1681s–2(a)(4) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681s–2/a/4&num=0&edition=prelim) that a credit account of a consumer was voluntarily closed by the consumer, the agency shall indicate that fact in any consumer report that includes information related to the account.
**(f) Indication of dispute by consumer** If a consumer reporting agency is notified pursuant to [section 1681s–2(a)(3) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681s–2/a/3&num=0&edition=prelim) that information regarding a consumer who 11 So in original. Probably should be “which”. was furnished to the agency is disputed by the consumer, the agency shall indicate that fact in each consumer report that includes the disputed information.
**(g) Truncation of credit card and debit card numbers**
(1) **In general** — Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, no person that accepts credit cards or debit cards for the transaction of business shall print more than the last 5 digits of the card number or the expiration date upon any receipt provided to the cardholder at the point of the sale or transaction.
(2) **Limitation** — This subsection shall apply only to receipts that are electronically printed, and shall not apply to transactions in which the sole means of recording a credit card or debit card account number is by handwriting or by an imprint or copy of the card.
(3) **Effective date** — This subsection shall become effective—
(A) 3 years after December 4, 2003, with respect to any cash register or other machine or device that electronically prints receipts for credit card or debit card transactions that is in use before January 1, 2005; and
(B) 1 year after December 4, 2003, with respect to any cash register or other machine or device that electronically prints receipts for credit card or debit card transactions that is first put into use on or after January 1, 2005.
**(h) Notice of discrepancy in address**
(1) **In general** — If a person has requested a consumer report relating to a consumer from a consumer reporting agency described in [section 1681a(p) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681a/p&num=0&edition=prelim), the request includes an address for the consumer that substantially differs from the addresses in the file of the consumer, and the agency provides a consumer report in response to the request, the consumer reporting agency shall notify the requester of the existence of the discrepancy.
(2) **Regulations**
(A) *Regulations required* — The Bureau shall,,22 So in original. in consultation with the Federal banking agencies, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission,,2 prescribe regulations providing guidance regarding reasonable policies and procedures that a user of a consumer report should employ when such user has received a notice of discrepancy under paragraph (1).
(B) *Policies and procedures to be included* — The regulations prescribed under subparagraph (A) shall describe reasonable policies and procedures for use by a user of a consumer report—
(i) to form a reasonable belief that the user knows the identity of the person to whom the consumer report pertains; and
(ii) if the user establishes a continuing relationship with the consumer, and the user regularly and in the ordinary course of business furnishes information to the consumer reporting agency from which the notice of discrepancy pertaining to the consumer was obtained, to reconcile the address of the consumer with the consumer reporting agency by furnishing such address to such consumer reporting agency as part of information regularly furnished by the user for the period in which the relationship is established.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission**
(1) **In general** — The Federal Trade Commission shall be authorized to enforce compliance with the requirements imposed by this subchapter under the Federal Trade Commission Act ([15 U.S.C. 41](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section41&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), with respect to consumer reporting agencies and all other persons subject thereto, except to the extent that enforcement of the requirements imposed under this subchapter is specifically committed to some other Government agency under any of subparagraphs (A) through (G) of subsection (b)(1), and subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [[12 U.S.C. 5511](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section5511&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], subsection (b).11 So in original. For the purpose of the exercise by the Federal Trade Commission of its functions and powers under the Federal Trade Commission Act, a violation of any requirement or prohibition imposed under this subchapter shall constitute an unfair or deceptive act or practice in commerce, in violation of section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act ([15 U.S.C. 45(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section45/a&num=0&edition=prelim)), and shall be subject to enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission under section 5(b) of that Act [[15 U.S.C. 45(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section45/b&num=0&edition=prelim)] with respect to any consumer reporting agency or person that is subject to enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission pursuant to this subsection, irrespective of whether that person is engaged in commerce or meets any ot
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Accuracy and fairness of credit reporting** The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The banking system is dependent upon fair and accurate credit reporting. Inaccurate credit reports directly impair the efficiency of the banking system, and unfair credit reporting methods undermine the public confidence which is essential to the continued functioning of the banking system.
(2) An elaborate mechanism has been developed for investigating and evaluating the credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, and general reputation of consumers.
(3) Consumer reporting agencies have assumed a vital role in assembling and evaluating consumer credit and other information on consumers.
(4) There is a need to insure that consumer reporting agencies exercise their grave responsibilities with fairness, impartiality, and a respect for the consumer’s right to privacy.
**(b) Reasonable procedures** It is the purpose of this subchapter to require that consumer reporting agencies adopt reasonable procedures for meeting the needs of commerce for consumer credit, personnel, insurance, and other information in a manner which is fair and equitable to the consumer, with regard to the confidentiality, accuracy, relevancy, and proper utilization of such information in accordance with the requirements of this subchapter.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.
**(b)** The term “person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, trust, estate, cooperative, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other entity.
**(c)** The term “consumer” means an individual.
**(d) Consumer Report.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The term “consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for—
(A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes;
(B) employment purposes; or
(C) any other purpose authorized under [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Exclusions.—** — Except as provided in paragraph (3), the term “consumer report” does not include—
(A) subject to [section 1681s–3 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681s-3&num=0&edition=prelim), any—
(i) report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report;
(ii) communication of that information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; or
(iii) communication of other information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control, if it
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this title the following definitions shall apply:
(1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized.
(2) The term “affiliate” means—
(A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or
(D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement.
(3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** For purposes of this section—
(1) the term “agency” means agency as defined in section 552(e) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title;
(2) the term “individual” means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence;
(3) the term “maintain” includes maintain, collect, use, or disseminate;
(4) the term “record” means any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency, including, but not limited to, his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger or voice print or a photograph;
(5) the term “system of records” means a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual;
(6) the term “statistical record” means a record in a system of records maintained for statistical research or reporting purposes only and not used in whole or in part in making any determination about an identifiable individual, except as provided by [section 8 of title 13](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title13-section8&num=0&edition=prelim);
(7) the term “routine use” means, with respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected;
(8) the term “matching program”—
(A) means any computerized comparison of—
(i) two or more automated systems of records or a system of records with non-Federal records for the purpose
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Subject to subsection (c), any consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report under the following circumstances and no other:
(1) In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue such an order, a subpoena issued in connection with proceedings before a Federal grand jury, or a subpoena issued in accordance with [section 5318 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section5318&num=0&edition=prelim) or [section 3486 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3486&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom it relates.
(3) To a person which it has reason to believe—
(A) intends to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished and involving the extension of credit to, or review or collection of an account of, the consumer; or
(B) intends to use the information for employment purposes; or
(C) intends to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer; or
(D) intends to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer’s eligibility for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an applicant’s financial responsibility or status; or
(E) intends to use the information, as a potential investor or servicer, or current insurer, in connection with a valuation of, or an assessment of the credit or prepayment risks associated with, an existing credit obligation; or
(F) otherwise has a legitimate business need for the information—
(i) in connection with a business transaction that is i
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Identity and purposes of credit users** Every consumer reporting agency shall maintain reasonable procedures designed to avoid violations of [section 1681c of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681c&num=0&edition=prelim) and to limit the furnishing of consumer reports to the purposes listed under [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim). These procedures shall require that prospective users of the information identify themselves, certify the purposes for which the information is sought, and certify that the information will be used for no other purpose. Every consumer reporting agency shall make a reasonable effort to verify the identity of a new prospective user and the uses certified by such prospective user prior to furnishing such user a consumer report. No consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report to any person if it has reasonable grounds for believing that the consumer report will not be used for a purpose listed in [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Accuracy of report** Whenever a consumer reporting agency prepares a consumer report it shall follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy of the information concerning the individual about whom the report relates.
**(c) Disclosure of consumer reports by users allowed** A consumer reporting agency may not prohibit a user of a consumer report furnished by the agency on a consumer from disclosing the contents of the report to the consumer, if adverse action against the consumer has been taken by the user based in whole or in part
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this subchapter from complying with the laws of any State with respect to the collection, distribution, or use of any information on consumers, or for the prevention or mitigation of identity theft, except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of this subchapter, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency.
**(b) General exceptions** No requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State—
(1) with respect to any subject matter regulated under—
(A) subsection (c) or (e) of [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim), relating to the prescreening of consumer reports;
(B) [section 1681i of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681i&num=0&edition=prelim), relating to the time by which a consumer reporting agency must take any action, including the provision of notification to a consumer or other person, in any procedure related to the disputed accuracy of information in a consumer’s file, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to any State law in effect on September 30, 1996;
(C) subsections (a) and (b) of [section 1681m of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681m&num=0&edition=prelim), relating to the duties of a person who takes any adverse action with respect to a consumer;
(D) [section 1681m(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681m/d&num=0&edition=prelim), relating to the duties of persons w
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Contents of agreements** An agreement with any institution of higher education for the payment of Federal capital contributions under this part shall—
(1) provide for the establishment and maintenance of a student loan fund for the purpose of this part;
(2) provide for the deposit in such fund of—
(A) Federal capital contributions from funds appropriated under [section 1087aa of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1087aa&num=0&edition=prelim);
(B) a capital contribution by an institution in an amount equal to one-third of the Federal capital contributions described in subparagraph (A);
(C) collections of principal and interest on student loans made from deposited funds;
(D) charges collected pursuant to regulations under [section 1087dd(c)(1)(H) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1087dd/c/1/H&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(E) any other earnings of the funds;
(3) provide that such student loan fund shall be used only for—
(A) loans to students, in accordance with the provisions of this part;
(B) administrative expenses, as provided in subsection (b);
(C) capital distributions, as provided in [section 1087ff of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1087ff&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(D) costs of litigation, and other collection costs agreed to by the Secretary in connection with the collection of a loan from the fund (and interest thereon) or a charge assessed pursuant to regulations under [section 1087dd(c)(1)(H) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1087dd/c/1/H&num=0&edition=prelim);
(4) provide that where a note or written agree
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1569
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 1681c
a consumer report may be obtained for employment
purposes; and
‘‘(B) the consumer has authorized in writing the
procurement of the report by that person.’’
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–347, § 2(b), amended heading
and text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text
read as follows: ‘‘In using a consumer report for em-
ployment purposes, before taking any adverse action
based in whole or in part on the report, the person in-
tending to take such adverse action shall provide to the
consumer to whom the report relates—
‘‘(A) a copy of the report; and
‘‘(B) a description in writing of the rights of the
consumer under this subchapter, as prescribed by the
Federal Trade Commission under section 1681g(c)(3)
of this title.’’
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–347, § 6(4), struck out ‘‘or a di-
rect marketing transaction’’ after ‘‘or insurance trans-
action’’.
1997—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–107 added par. (4).
1996—Pub. L. 104–208, §§ 2403(a), 2404(a)(1), designated
existing provisions as subsec. (a) and inserted heading,
substituted ‘‘Subject to subsection (c), any consumer
reporting agency’’ for ‘‘A consumer reporting agency’’
in introductory provisions, added subpars. (E) and (F)
of par. (3), and struck out former subpar. (E) of par. (3)
which read as follows: ‘‘otherwise has a legitimate busi-
ness need for the information in connection with a
business transaction involving the consumer.’’
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2403(b), added subsec. (b).
Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2404(a)(2), added
subsecs. (c) to (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2404(b), added subsec. (f).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–208, § 2405, added subsec. (g).
Pars. (4), (5). Pub. L. 104–193 added pars. (4) and (5).
1989—Par.
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 1681c
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.