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2 U.S.C. § 1601 — Findings
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds that—
(1) responsible representative Government requires public awareness of the efforts of paid lobbyists to influence the public decisionmaking process in both the legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government;
(2) existing lobbying disclosure statutes have been ineffective because of unclear statutory language, weak administrative and enforcement provisions, and an absence of clear guidance as to who is required to register and what they are required to disclose; and
(3) the effective public disclosure of the identity and extent of the efforts of paid lobbyists to influence Federal officials in the conduct of Government actions will increase public confidence in the integrity of Government.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 1601
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_c4563530ddbddc05e39bb825
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-2/section-1601-findings--8e52e18607.md
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Passage SHA-256: 05b2a1d224f1bb54e62b8adeb532eacacf2f547a43a6e30f859db2e8d6e1583c
Source location: Title 2, Chapter 26, § 1601; chapter-026-disclosure-of-lobbying-activities.md
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The Congress finds that—
(1) responsible representative Government requires public awareness of the efforts of paid lobbyists to influence the public decisionmaking process in both the legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government;
(2) existing lobbying disclosure statutes have been ineffective because of unclear statutory language, weak administrative and enforcement provisions, and an absence of clear guidance as to who is required to register and what they are required to disclose; and
(3) the effective public disclosure of the identity and extent of the efforts of paid lobbyists to influence Federal officials in the conduct of Government actions will increase public confidence in the integrity of Government.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Composition and representation**
(1) The Council shall consist of 12 members, of whom—
(A) four members shall be appointed by the President, of whom—
(i) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in business;
(ii) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in the labor community;
(iii) one shall be a national leader who has been active in public interest activities; and
(iv) one shall be a head of a Federal department or agency;
(B) four members shall be appointed by the majority leader and the minority leader of the Senate, acting jointly, of whom—
(i) one shall be a national leader with experience or background in business;
(ii) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in the labor community;
(iii) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in the academic community; and
(iv) one shall be a representative of State or local government; and
(C) four members shall be appointed by the Speaker, the minority leader of the House of Representatives, acting jointly, of whom—
(i) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in business;
(ii) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in the labor community;
(iii) one shall be a national leader with experience and background in the academic community; and
(iv) one shall be a representative of State or local government.
(2) In addition to the head of a Federal department or agency appointed in accordance with subsection (a)(1)(A)(iv), other Federal officials may participate on an ex-officio basis as requested by the Council.
(3) All members of the Council shall be individuals who have a broad understanding of the United States economy and t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 4804
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever, being a public official, is or acts as an agent of a foreign principal required to register under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 or a lobbyist required to register under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 in connection with the representation of a foreign entity, as defined in section 3(6) of that Act shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both.
**(b)** Nothing in this section shall apply to the employment of any agent of a foreign principal as a special Government employee in any case in which the head of the employing agency certifies that such employment is required in the national interest. A copy of any certification under this paragraph shall be forwarded by the head of such agency to the Attorney General who shall cause the same to be filed with the registration statement and other documents filed by such agent, and made available for public inspection in accordance with section 6 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended.
**(c)** For the purpose of this section “public official” means Member of Congress, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner, either before or after he has qualified, or an officer or employee or person acting for or on behalf of the United States, or any department, agency, or branch of Government thereof, including the District of Columbia, in any official function, under or by authority of any such department, agency, or branch of Government.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 219
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) None of the funds appropriated by any Act may be expended by the recipient of a Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement to pay any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with any Federal action described in paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(2) The prohibition in paragraph (1) of this subsection applies with respect to the following Federal actions:
(A) The awarding of any Federal contract.
(B) The making of any Federal grant.
(C) The making of any Federal loan.
(D) The entering into of any cooperative agreement.
(E) The extension, continuation, renewal, amendment, or modification of any Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement.
**(b)**
(1) Each person who requests or receives a Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement from an agency or requests or receives from an agency a commitment providing for the United States to insure or guarantee a loan shall file with that agency, in accordance with paragraph (4) of this subsection—
(A) a written declaration described in paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection, as the case may be; and
(B) copies of all declarations received by such person under paragraph (5).
(2) A declaration filed by a person pursuant to paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection in connection with a Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement shall contain—
(A) the name of any registrant under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 who has made lobbying contacts on behalf of the person with respect to that Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement; and
(B) a certification that the person making t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 31 U.S.C. § 1352
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this section:
(1) **Agency.—** — The term “agency” means an Executive agency.
(2) **Director.—** — The term “Director” means the Director of the Office.
(3) **Examination.—** — The term “examination” means the process by which an applicant demonstrates knowledge, skills, abilities, and competencies.
(4) **Examining agency.—** — The term “examining agency” means—
(A) the Office; or
(B) an agency to which the Director has delegated examining authority under section 1104(a)(2).
(5) **Office.—** — The term “Office” means the Office of Personnel Management.
(6) **Passing score.—** — The term “passing score” means a minimum acceptable score or rating, consistent with applicable law, that may include a quantitative or qualitative assessment that an applicant can pass or fail.
(7) **Relevant committees.—** — The term “relevant committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; and
(B) the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives.
(8) **Subject matter expert.—** — The term “subject matter expert” means an employee or selecting official—
(A) who possesses an understanding of the duties of, and knowledge, skills, and abilities required for, the position for which the employee or selecting official is developing or administering an examination; and
(B) whom the delegated examining unit of the examining agency that employs the employee or selecting official designates to assist in the development and administration of technical assessments.
(9) **Technical assessment.—** — The term “technical assessment” means a position-specific tool that is relevant to the position for which the tool is developed that—
(A) allows for the demonstration of job-relate
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 3304
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The requirements of [section 612(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section612/a&num=0&edition=prelim) shall not apply to the following agents of foreign principals:
**(a) Diplomatic or consular officers** A duly accredited diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign government who is so recognized by the Department of State, while said officer is engaged exclusively in activities which are recognized by the Department of State as being within the scope of the functions of such officer;
**(b) Officials of foreign government** Any official of a foreign government, if such government is recognized by the United States, who is not a public-relations counsel, publicity agent, information-service employee, or a citizen of the United States, whose name and status and the character of whose duties as such official are of public record in the Department of State, while said official is engaged exclusively in activities which are recognized by the Department of State as being within the scope of the functions of such official;
**(c) Staff members of diplomatic or consular officers** Any member of the staff of, or any person employed by, a duly accredited diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign government who is so recognized by the Department of State, other than a public-relations counsel, publicity agent, or information-service employee, whose name and status and the character of whose duties as such member or employee are of public record in the Department of State, while said member or employee is engaged exclusively in the performance of activities which are recognized by the Department of State as being within the scope of the functions of such member or employee;
**(d) Private and nonpolitical activities; solicit
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 613
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 89–174, § 13, as added Pub. L. 101–235, title I, § 112, Dec. 15, 1989, 103 Stat. 2016; amended Pub. L. 102–550, title IX, § 926, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3885, related to registration of and reports by persons spending money to influence Department decisions.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective Jan. 1, 1996, except as otherwise provided, see section 24 of Pub. L. 104–65, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 1601 of Title 2](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title2-section1601&num=0&edition=prelim), The Congress.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 3537b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Notice regarding assistance**
(1) **Publication of notice of availability** — The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register notice of the availability of any assistance under any program or discretionary fund administered by the Secretary under this subchapter.
(2) **Publication of application procedures** — The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a description of the form and procedures by which application for the assistance may be made, and any deadlines relating to the award or allocation of the assistance. Such description shall be sufficient to enable any eligible applicant to apply for such assistance.
(3) **Publication of selection criteria** — Not less than 30 days before any deadline by which applications or requests for assistance under any program or discretionary fund administered by the Secretary must be submitted, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register the criteria by which selection for the assistance will be made. Such criteria shall include any objective measures of housing need, project merit, or efficient use of resources that the Secretary determines are appropriate and consistent with the statute under which the assistance is made available.
(4) **Documentation of decisions**
(A) The Secretary shall award or allocate assistance only in response to a written application in a form approved in advance by the Secretary, except where other award or allocation procedures are specified in statute.
(B) The Secretary shall ensure that documentation and other information regarding each application for assistance is sufficient to indicate the basis on which any award or allocation was made or denied. The preceding sentence shall apply to—
(i) any application for an award or allocation of assistance made by t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 1490p
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** In any negotiation seeking an agreement under [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim) or [section 4202 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section4202&num=0&edition=prelim), the President may make a formal offer for the modification or continuance of any United States duty, import restrictions, or barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade, the continuance of United States duty-free or excise treatment, or the imposition of additional duties, import restrictions, or other barrier to (or other distortion of) international trade including trade in services, foreign direct investment and intellectual property as covered by this subchapter, with respect to any article or matter only after he has received a summary of the hearings at which an opportunity to be heard with respect to such article has been afforded under [section 2153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2153&num=0&edition=prelim). In addition, the President may make an offer for the modification or continuance of any United States duty, the continuance of United States duty-free or excise treatment, or the imposition of additional duties, with respect to any article included in a list published and furnished under [section 2151(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2151/a&num=0&edition=prelim), only after he has received advice concerning such article from the Commission under [section 2151(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2151/b&num=0&edition=prelim), or after the expiration of the
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2171
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Restrictions on All Officers and Employees of the Executive Branch and Certain Other Agencies.—**
(1) **Permanent restrictions on representation on particular matters.—** — Any person who is an officer or employee (including any special Government employee) of the executive branch of the United States (including any independent agency of the United States), or of the District of Columbia, and who, after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States or the District of Columbia, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, on behalf of any other person (except the United States or the District of Columbia) in connection with a particular matter—
(A) in which the United States or the District of Columbia is a party or has a direct and substantial interest,
(B) in which the person participated personally and substantially as such officer or employee, and
(C) which involved a specific party or specific parties at the time of such participation,
(2) **Two-year restrictions concerning particular matters under official responsibility.—** — Any person subject to the restrictions contained in paragraph (1) who, within 2 years after the termination of his or her service or employment with the United States or the District of Columbia, knowingly makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before any officer or employee of any department, agency, court, or court-martial of the United States or the District of Columbia, on behalf of any other person (except the United States or the District of Columbia), in connection with a particular matter—
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 207
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment within Executive Office of the President** There is established within the Executive Office of the President the Office of the United States Trade Representative (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Office”).
**(b) United States Trade Representative; Deputy United States Trade Representatives**
(1) The Office shall be headed by the United States Trade Representative who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, any nomination of the United States Trade Representative submitted to the Senate for confirmation, and referred to a committee, shall be referred to the Committee on Finance. The United States Trade Representative shall hold office at the pleasure of the President, shall be entitled to receive the same allowances as a chief of mission, and shall have the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
(2) There shall be in the Office three Deputy United States Trade Representatives, one Chief Agricultural Negotiator, and one Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, any nomination of a Deputy United States Trade Representative, the Chief Agricultural Negotiator, or the Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent, and referred to a committee, shall be referred to the Committee on Finance. Each Deputy United States Trade Representative, the Chief Agricultural Negotiator, and the Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator shall hold office at the pleasure of the President and shall have the rank of Amba
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2192
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