42 U.S.C. § 4015a — Flood insurance purchase and compliance requirements and escrow accounts

**(a) Amount and term of coverage** After the expiration of sixty days following December 31, 1973, no Federal officer or agency shall approve any financial assistance for acquisition or construction purposes for use in any area that has been identified by the Administrator as an area having special flood hazards and in which the sale of flood insurance has been made available under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], unless the building or mobile home and any personal property to which such financial assistance relates is covered by flood insurance in an amount at least equal to its development or project cost (less estimated land cost) or to the maximum limit of coverage made available with respect to the particular type of property under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, whichever is less: Provided, That if the financial assistance provided is in the form of a loan or an insurance or guaranty of a loan, the amount of flood insurance required need not exceed the outstanding principal balance of the loan and need not be required beyond the term of the loan. The requirement of maintaining flood insurance shall apply during the life of the property, regardless of transfer of ownership of such property. **(b) Requirement for mortgage loans** (1) **Regulated lending institutions** — Each Federal entity for lending regulation (after consultation and coordination with the Financial Institutions Examination Council established under the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Act of 1974 [[12 U.S.C. 3301](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section3301&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]) shall by regulation direct regulated lending institutions— (A) not to make, increase, extend, or renew any loan secured by improved real estate or a mobile home located or to be located in an area that has been identified by the Administrator as an area having special flood hazards and in which flood insurance has been made available under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], unless the building or mobile home and any personal property securing such loan is covered for the term of the loan by flood insurance in an amount at least equal to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or the maximum limit of coverage made available under the Act with respect to the particular type of property, whichever is less; and (B) to accept private flood insurance as satisfaction of the flood insurance coverage requirement under subparagraph (A) if the coverage provided by such private flood insurance meets the requirements for coverage under such subparagraph. (2) **Federal agency lenders** — A Federal agency lender may not make, increase, extend, or renew any loan secured by improved real estate or a mobile home located or to be located in an area that has been identified by the Administrator as an area having special flood hazards and in which flood insurance has been made available under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, unless the building or mobile home and any personal property securing such loan is covered for the term of the loan by flood insurance in the amount provided in paragraph (1)(A). Each Federal agency lender shall accept private flood insurance as satisfaction of the flood insurance coverage requirement under the preceding sentence if the flood insurance coverage provided by such private flood insurance meets the requirements for coverage under such sentence. Each Federal agency lender shall issue any regulations necessary to carry out this paragraph. Such regulations shall be consistent with and substantially identical to the regulations issued under paragraph (1)(A). (3) **Government-sponsored enterprises for housing** — The Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation shall implement procedures reasonably designed to ensure that, for any loan that is— (A) secured by improved real estate or a mobile home located in an area that has been identified, at the time of the origination of the loan or at any time during the term of the loan, by the Administrator as an area having special flood hazards and in which flood insurance is available under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, and (B) purchased by such entity, the building or mobile home and any personal property securing the loan is covered for the term of the loan by flood insurance in the amount provided in paragraph (1)(A). The Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation shall accept private flood insurance as satisfaction of the flood insurance coverage requirement under paragraph (1)(A) if the flood insurance coverage provided by such private flood insurance meets the requirements for coverage under such paragraph and any requirements established by the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, respectively, relating to the financial solvency, strength, or claims-paying ability of private insurance companies from which the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation will accept private flood insurance. (4) **Applicability** (A) *Existing coverage* — Except as provided in subparagraph (B), paragraph (1) shall apply on September 23, 1994. (B) *New coverage* — Paragraphs (2) and (3) shall apply only with respect to any loan made, increased, extended, or renewed after the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on September 23, 1994. Paragraph (1) shall apply with respect to any loan made, increased, extended, or renewed by any lender supervised by the Farm Credit Administration only after the expiration of the period under this subparagraph. (C) *Continued effect of regulations* — Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, the regulations to carry out paragraph (1), as in effect immediately before September 23, 1994, shall continue to apply until the regulations issued to carry out paragraph (1) as amended by section 522(a) of Public Law 103–325 take effect. (5) **Rule of construction** — Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to supersede or limit the authority of a Federal entity for lending regulation, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, a Federal agency lender, the Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to establish requirements relating to the financial solvency, strength, or claims-paying ability of private insurance companies from which the entity or agency will accept private flood insurance. (6) **Notice** (A) *In general* — Each lender shall disclose to a borrower that is subject to this subsection that— (i) flood insurance is available from private insurance companies that issue standard flood insurance policies on behalf of the national flood insurance program or directly from the national flood insurance program; (ii) flood insurance that provides the same level of coverage as a standard flood insurance policy under the national flood insurance program may be available from a private insurance company that issues policies on behalf of the company; and (iii) the borrower is encouraged to compare the flood insurance coverage, deductibles, exclusions, conditions and premiums associated with flood insurance policies issued on behalf of the national flood insurance program and policies issued on behalf of private insurance companies and to direct inquiries regarding the availability, cost, and comparisons of flood insurance coverage to an insurance agent. (B) *Rule of construction* — Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as affecting or otherwise limiting the authority of a Federal entity for lending regulation to approve any disclosure made by a regulated lending institution for purposes of complying with subparagraph (A). (7) **Private flood insurance defined** — In this subsection, the term “private flood insurance” means an insurance policy that— (A) is issued by an insurance company that is— (i) licensed, admitted, or otherwise approved to engage in the business of insurance in the State or jurisdiction in which the insured building is located, by the insurance regulator of that State or jurisdiction; or (ii) in the case of a policy of difference in conditions, multiple peril, all risk, or other blanket coverage insuring nonresidential commercial property, is 11 So in original. The word “is” probably should not appear. recognized, or not disapproved, as a surplus lines insurer by the insurance regulator of the State or jurisdiction where the property to be insured is located; (B) provides flood insurance coverage which is at least as broad as the coverage provided under a standard flood insurance policy under the national flood insurance program, including when considering deductibles, exclusions, and conditions offered by the insurer; (C) includes— (i) a requirement for the insurer to give 45 days’ written notice of cancellation or non-renewal of flood insurance coverage to— (I) the insured; and (II) the regulated lending institution or Federal agency lender; (ii) information about the availability of flood insurance coverage under the national flood insurance program; (iii) a mortgage interest clause similar to the clause contained in a standard flood insurance policy under the national flood insurance program; and (iv) a provision requiring an insured to file suit not later than 1 year after date of a written denial of all or part of a claim under the policy; and (D) contains cancellation provisions that are as restrictive as the provisions contained in a standard flood insurance policy under the national flood insurance program. **(c) Exceptions to purchase requirements** (1) **State-owned property** — Notwithstanding the other provisions of this section, flood insurance shall not be required on any State-owned property that is covered under an adequate State policy of self-insurance satisfactory to the Administrator. The Administrator shall publish and periodically revise the list of States to which this subsection applies. (2) **Small loans** — Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to any loan having— (A) an original outstanding principal balance of $5,000 or less; and (B) a repayment term of 1 year or less. (3) **Detached structures** — Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, flood insurance shall not be required, in the case of any residential property, for any structure that is a part of such property but is detached from the primary residential structure of such property and does not serve as a residence. **(d) Escrow of flood insurance payments** (1) **Regulated lending institutions** (A) *Federal entities responsible for lending regulations* — Each Federal entity for lending regulation (after consultation and coordination with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council) shall, by regulation, direct that all premiums and fees for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, for residential improved real estate or a mobile home, shall be paid to the regulated lending institution or servicer for any loan secured by the residential improved real estate or mobile home, with the same frequency as payments on the loan are made, for the duration of the loan. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), upon receipt of any premiums or fees, the regulated lending institution or servicer shall deposit such premiums and fees in an escrow account on behalf of the borrower. Upon receipt of a notice from the Administrator or the provider of the flood insurance that insurance premiums are due, the premiums deposited in the escrow account shall be paid to the provider of the flood insurance. (B) *Limitation* — Except as may be required under applicable State law, a Federal entity for lending regulation may not direct or require a regulated lending institution to deposit premiums or fees for flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 in an escrow account on behalf of a borrower under subparagraph (A)— (i) if— (I) the regulated lending institution has total assets of less than $1,000,000,000; and (II) on or before July 6, 2012, the regulated lending institution— (aa) in the case of a loan secured by residential improved real estate or a mobile home, was not required under Federal or State law to deposit taxes, insurance premiums, fees, or any other charges in an escrow account for the entire term of the loan; and (bb) did not have a policy of consistently and uniformly requiring the deposit of taxes, insurance premiums, fees, or any other charges in an escrow account for loans secured by residential improved real estate or a mobile home; or (ii) in the case of a loan that— (I) is in a junior or subordinate position to a senior lien secured by the same residential improved real estate or mobile home for which flood insurance is being provided at the time of the origination of the loan; (II) is secured by residential improved real estate or a mobile home that is part of a condominium, cooperative, or other project development, if the residential improved real estate or mobile home is covered by a flood insurance policy that— (aa) meets the requirements that the regulated lending institution is required to enforce under subsection (b)(1); (bb) is provided by the condominium association, cooperative, homeowners association, or other applicable group; and (cc) the premium for which is paid by the condominium association, cooperative, homeowners association, or other applicable group as a common expense; (III) is secured by residential improved real estate or a mobile home that is used as collateral for a business purpose; (IV) is a home equity line of credit; (V) is a nonperforming loan; or (VI) has a term of not longer than 12 months. (2) **Federal agency lenders** — Each Federal agency lender shall by regulation require and provide for escrow and payment of any flood insurance premiums and fees relating to residential improved real estate and mobile homes securing loans made by the Federal agency lender under the circumstances and in the manner provided under paragraph (1). Any regulations issued under this paragraph shall be consistent with and substantially identical to the regulations issued under paragraph (1). (3) **Applicability of RESPA** — Escrow accounts established pursuant to this subsection shall be subject to the provisions of section 10 of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 [[12 U.S.C. 2609](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section2609&num=0&edition=prelim)]. (4) **“Residential improved real estate” defined** — For purposes of this subsection, the term “residential improved real estate” means improved real estate for which the improvement is a residential building. (5) **Applicability** — This subsection shall apply only with respect to any loan made, increased, extended, or renewed after the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on September 23, 1994. **(e) Placement of flood insurance by lender** (1) **Notification to borrower of lack of coverage** — If, at the time of origination or at any time during the term of a loan secured by improved real estate or by a mobile home located in an area that has been identified by the Administrator (at the time of the origination of the loan or at any time during the term of the loan) as an area having special flood hazards and in which flood insurance is available under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the lender or servicer for the loan determines that the building or mobile home and any personal property securing the loan is not covered by flood insurance or is covered by such insurance in an amount less than the amount required for the property pursuant to paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (b), the lender or servicer shall notify the borrower under the loan that the borrower should obtain, at the borrower’s expense, an amount of flood insurance for the building or mobile home and such personal property that is not less than the amount under subsection (b)(1), for the term of the loan. (2) **Purchase of coverage on behalf of borrower** — If the borrower fails to purchase such flood insurance within 45 days after notification under paragraph (1), the lender or servicer for the loan shall purchase the insurance on behalf of the borrower and may charge the borrower for the cost of premiums and fees incurred by the lender or servicer for the loan in purchasing the insurance, including premiums or fees incurred for coverage beginning on the date on which flood insurance coverage lapsed or did not provide a sufficient coverage amount. (3) **Termination of force-placed insurance** — Within 30 days of receipt by the lender or servicer of a confirmation of a borrower’s existing flood insurance coverage, the lender or servicer shall— (A) terminate any insurance purchased by the lender or servicer under paragraph (2); and (B) refund to the borrower all premiums paid by the borrower for any insurance purchased by the lender or servicer under paragraph (2) during any period during which the borrower’s flood insurance coverage and the insurance coverage purchased by the lender or servicer were each in effect, and any related fees charged to the borrower with respect to the insurance purchased by the lender or servicer during such period. (4) **Sufficiency of demonstration** — For purposes of confirming a borrower’s existing flood insurance coverage, a lender or servicer for a loan shall accept from the borrower an insurance policy declarations page that includes the existing flood insurance policy number and the identity of, and contact information for, the insurance company or agent. (5) **Review of determination regarding required purchase** (A) *In general* — The borrower and lender for a loan secured by improved real estate or a mobile home may jointly request the Administrator to review a determination of whether the building or mobile home is located in an area having special flood hazards. Such request shall be supported by technical information relating to the improved real estate or mobile home. Not later than 45 days after the Administrator receives the request, the Administrator shall review the determination and provide to the borrower and the lender with a letter stating whether or not the building or mobile home is in an area having special flood hazards. The determination of the Administrator shall be final. (B) *Effect of determination* — Any person to whom a borrower provides a letter issued by the Administrator pursuant to subparagraph (A), stating that the building or mobile home securing the loan of the borrower is not in an area having special flood hazards, shall have no obligation under this title 22 See References in Text note below. to require the purchase of flood insurance for such building or mobile home during the period determined by the Administrator, which shall be specified in the letter and shall begin on the date on which such letter is provided. (C) *Effect of failure to respond* — If a request under subparagraph (A) is made in connection with the origination of a loan and the Administrator fails to provide a letter under subparagraph (A) before the later of (i) the expiration of the 45-day period under such subparagraph, or (ii) the closing of the loan, no person shall have an obligation under this title 2 to require the purchase of flood insurance for the building or mobile home securing the loan until such letter is provided. (6) **Applicability** — This subsection shall apply to all loans outstanding on or after September 23, 1994. **(f) Civil monetary penalties for failure to require flood insurance or notify** (1) **Civil monetary penalties against regulated lenders** — Any regulated lending institution that is found to have a pattern or practice of committing violations under paragraph (2) shall be assessed a civil penalty by the appropriate Federal entity for lending regulation in the amount provided under paragraph (5). (2) **Lender violations** — The violations referred to in paragraph (1) shall include— (A) making, increasing, extending, or renewing loans in violation of— (i) the regulations issued pursuant to subsection (b) of this section; (ii) the escrow requirements under subsection (d) of this section; or (iii) the notice requirements under section 1364 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4104a](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4104a&num=0&edition=prelim)]; or (B) failure to provide notice or purchase flood insurance coverage in violation of subsection (e) of this section. (3) **Civil monetary penalties against GSE’s** (A) *In general* — If the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation is found by the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency to have a pattern or practice of purchasing loans in violation of the procedures established pursuant to subsection (b)(3), the Director of such Office 33 So in original. Probably should be “Agency”. shall assess a civil penalty against such enterprise in the amount provided under paragraph (5) of this subsection. (B) *“Enterprise” defined* — For purposes of this subsection, the term “enterprise” means the Federal National Mortgage Association or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. (4) **Notice and hearing** — A penalty under this subsection may be issued only after notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record. (5) **Amount** — A civil monetary penalty under this subsection may not exceed $2,000 for each violation under paragraph (2) or paragraph (3). (6) **Lender compliance** — Notwithstanding any State or local law, for purposes of this subsection, any regulated lending institution that purchases flood insurance or renews a contract for flood insurance on behalf of or as an agent of a borrower of a loan for which flood insurance is required shall be considered to have complied with the regulations issued under subsection (b). (7) **Effect of transfer on liability** — Any sale or other transfer of a loan by a regulated lending institution that has committed a violation under paragraph (1), that occurs subsequent to the violation, shall not affect the liability of the transferring lender with respect to any penalty under this subsection. A lender shall not be liable for any violations relating to a loan committed by another regulated lending institution that previously held the loan. (8) **Deposit of penalties** — Any penalties collected under this subsection shall be paid into the National Flood Mitigation Fund under section 1367 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4104d](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4104d&num=0&edition=prelim)]. (9) **Additional penalties** — Any penalty under this subsection shall be in addition to any civil remedy or criminal penalty otherwise available. (10) **Statute of limitations** — No penalty may be imposed under this subsection after the expiration of the 4-year period beginning on the date of the occurrence of the violation for which the penalty is authorized under this subsection. **(g) Other actions to remedy pattern of noncompliance** (1) **Authority of Federal entities for lending regulation** — A Federal entity for lending regulation may require a regulated lending institution to take such remedial actions as are necessary to ensure that the regulated lending institution complies with the requirements of the national flood insurance program if the Federal agency for lending regulation makes a determination under paragraph (2) regarding the regulated lending institution. (2) **Determination of violations** — A determination under this paragraph shall be a finding that— (A) the regulated lending institution has engaged in a pattern and practice of noncompliance in violation of the regulations issued pursuant to subsection (b), (d), or (e) or the notice requirements under section 1364 of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 [[42 U.S.C. 4104a](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4104a&num=0&edition=prelim)]; and (B) the regulated lending institution has not demonstrated measurable improvement in compliance despite the assessment of civil monetary penalties under subsection (f). **(h) Fee for determining location** Notwithstanding any other Federal or State law, any person who makes a loan secured by improved real estate or a mobile home or any servicer for such a loan may charge a reasonable fee for the costs of determining whether the building or mobile home securing the loan is located in an area having special flood hazards, but only in accordance with the following requirements: (1) **Borrower fee** — The borrower under such a loan may be charged the fee, but only if the determination— (A) is made pursuant to the making, increasing, extending, or renewing of the loan that is initiated by the borrower; (B) is made pursuant to a revision or updating under section 1360(f) 44 So in original. Probably should be followed by “of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968”. [[42 U.S.C. 4101(f)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4101/f&num=0&edition=prelim)] of the floodplain areas and flood-risk zones or publication of a notice or compendia under subsection (h) or (i) of section 1360 4 [[42 U.S.C. 4101(h)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section4101/h&num=0&edition=prelim), (i)] that affects the area in which the improved real estate or mobile home securing the loan is located or that, in the determination of the Administrator, may reasonably be considered to require a determination under this subsection; or (C) results in the purchase of flood insurance coverage pursuant to the requirement under subsection (e)(2). (2) **Purchaser or transferee fee** — The purchaser or transferee of such a loan may be charged the fee in the case of sale or transfer of the loan.