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18 U.S.C. § 2423 — Transportation of minors
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Transportation With Intent To Engage in Criminal Sexual Activity.—** A person who knowingly transports an individual who has not attained the age of 18 years in interstate or foreign commerce, or in any commonwealth, territory or possession of the United States, with intent that the individual engage in prostitution, or in any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less than 10 years or for life.
**(b) Travel With Intent To Engage in Illicit Sexual Conduct.—** A person who travels in interstate commerce or travels into the United States, or a United States citizen or an alien admitted for permanent residence in the United States who travels in foreign commerce, with intent to engage in any illicit sexual conduct with another person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
**(c) Engaging in Illicit Sexual Conduct in Foreign Places.—** Any United States citizen or alien admitted for permanent residence who travels in foreign commerce or resides, either temporarily or permanently, in a foreign country, and engages in any illicit sexual conduct with another person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
**(d) Illicit Sexual Conduct in Connection With Certain Organizations.—** Any citizen of the United States or alien admitted for permanent residence who—
(1) is an officer, director, employee, or agent of an organization that affects interstate or foreign commerce;
(2) makes use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce through the connection or affiliation of the person with such organization; and
(3) commits an act in furtherance of illicit sexual conduct throug
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-2423-transportation-of-minors--490258e677.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 117, § 2423; chapter-117-transportation-for-illegal-sexual-activity-and-related-crimes.md
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**(a) Transportation With Intent To Engage in Criminal Sexual Activity.—** A person who knowingly transports an individual who has not attained the age of 18 years in interstate or foreign commerce, or in any commonwealth, territory or possession of the United States, with intent that the individual engage in prostitution, or in any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less than 10 years or for life.
**(b) Travel With Intent To Engage in Illicit Sexual Conduct.—** A person who travels in interstate commerce or travels into the United States, or a United States citizen or an alien admitted for permanent residence in the United States who travels in foreign commerce, with intent to engage in any illicit sexual conduct with another person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
**(c) Engaging in Illicit Sexual Conduct in Foreign Places.—** Any United States citizen or alien admitted for permanent residence who travels in foreign commerce or resides, either temporarily or permanently, in a foreign country, and engages in any illicit sexual conduct with another person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
**(d) Illicit Sexual Conduct in Connection With Certain Organizations.—** Any citizen of the United States or alien admitted for permanent residence who—
(1) is an officer, director, employee, or agent of an organization that affects interstate or foreign commerce;
(2) makes use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce through the connection or affiliation of the person with such organization; and
(3) commits an act in furtherance of illicit sexual conduct through the connection or affiliation of the person with such organization,
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for not more than 30 years, or both.
**(e) Ancillary Offenses.—** Whoever, for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain, arranges, induces, procures, or facilitates the travel of a person knowing that such a person is traveling in interstate commerce or foreign commerce with intent to engage in any illicit sexual conduct shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
**(f) Attempt and Conspiracy.—** Whoever attempts or conspires to violate subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) shall be punishable in the same manner as a completed violation of that subsection.
**(g) Definition.—** As used in this section, the term “illicit sexual conduct” means—
(1) a sexual act (as defined in section 2246) with a person under 18 years of age that would be in violation of chapter 109A if the sexual act occurred in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States;
(2) any commercial sex act (as defined in section 1591) with a person under 18 years of age; or
(3) production of child pornography (as defined in section 2256(8)).
**(h) Rule of Construction.—** As used in this section, the term “intent” shall be construed as any intention to engage in prostitution, sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or illicit sexual conduct, as applicable, at the time of the transportation or travel.
**(i) Defense.—** In a prosecution under this section based on illicit sexual conduct as defined in subsection (g)(2), it is a defense, which the defendant must establish by clear and convincing evidence, that the defendant reasonably believed that the person with whom the defendant engaged in the commercial sex act had attained the age of 18 years.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whoever knowingly and willfully files any false or fraudulent entry or claim for the payment of drawback, allowance, or refund of duties upon the exportation of merchandise, or knowingly or willfully makes or files any false affidavit, abstract, record, certificate, or other document, with a view to securing the payment to himself or others of any drawback, allowance, or refund of duties, on the exportation of merchandise, greater than that legally due thereon, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both, and such merchandise or the value thereof shall be forfeited.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** Whoever knowingly transports any individual in interstate or foreign commerce, or in any Territory or Possession of the United States, with intent that such individual engage in prostitution, or in any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
**(b) Requests To Prosecute Violations by State Attorneys General.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The Attorney General shall grant a request by a State attorney general that a State or local attorney be cross designated to prosecute a violation of this section unless the Attorney General determines that granting the request would undermine the administration of justice.
(2) **Reason for denial.—** — If the Attorney General denies a request under paragraph (1), the Attorney General shall submit to the State attorney general a detailed reason for the denial not later than 60 days after the date on which a request is received.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever within or upon any of the places now existing or hereafter reserved or acquired as provided in [section 7 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section7&num=0&edition=prelim), or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district is guilty of any act or omission which, although not made punishable by any enactment of Congress, would be punishable if committed or omitted within the jurisdiction of the State, Territory, Possession, or District in which such place is situated, by the laws thereof in force at the time of such act or omission, shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment.
**(b)**
(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes of subsection (a) of this section, that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law. Any limitation on the right or privilege to operate a motor vehicle imposed under this subsection shall apply only to the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States.
(2)
(A) In addition to any term of imprisonment provided for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol imposed under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, the punishment for such an offense under this section shall include an additional term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year, or if serious bodily injury of a minor is caused, not more than 5 years, or if death of a minor is caused, no
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Any person who employs, uses, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to engage in, or who has a minor assist any other person to engage in, or who transports any minor in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or in any Territory or Possession of the United States, with the intent that such minor engage in, any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct or for the purpose of transmitting a live visual depiction of such conduct, shall be punished as provided under subsection (e), if such person knows or has reason to know that such visual depiction will be transported or transmitted using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or mailed, if that visual depiction was produced or transmitted using materials that have been mailed, shipped, or transported in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce by any means, including by computer, or if such visual depiction has actually been transported or transmitted using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or mailed.
**(b)** Any parent, legal guardian, or person having custody or control of a minor who knowingly permits such minor to engage in, or to assist any other person to engage in, sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct or for the purpose of transmitting a live visual depiction of such conduct shall be punished as provided under subsection (e) of this section, if such parent, legal guardian, or person knows or has reason to know that such visual depiction will be transported or transmitted using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affec
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Following any conviction of an individual for a violation of [section 2423 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2423&num=0&edition=prelim), the Attorney General shall notify in a timely manner—
(1) the Secretary of State for appropriate action under subsection (b); and
(2) the Secretary of Homeland Security for appropriate action under the Immigration and Nationality Act [[8 U.S.C. 1101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(b) Authority to restrict passport**
(1) **Ineligibility for passport**
(A) *In general* — The Secretary of State shall not issue a passport or passport card to an individual who is convicted of a violation of [section 2423 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2423&num=0&edition=prelim) during the covered period if the individual used a passport or passport card or otherwise crossed an international border in committing the offense.
(B) *Passport revocation* — The Secretary of State shall revoke a passport or passport card previously issued to an individual described in subparagraph (A).
(2) **Exceptions**
(A) *Emergency and humanitarian situations* — Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary of State may issue a passport or passport card, in emergency circumstances or for humanitarian reasons, to an individual described in paragraph (1)(A).
(B) *Limitation for return to United States* — Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary of State may, prior to revocation, limit a previously issued passport or passport card only for return travel to the United States, or may issue a limited passport or passport card that only permits return
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking** The President shall establish and carry out international initiatives to enhance economic opportunity for potential victims of trafficking as a method to deter trafficking. Such initiatives may include—
(1) microcredit lending programs, training in business development, skills training, and job counseling;
(2) programs to promote women’s participation in economic decisionmaking;
(3) programs to keep children, especially girls, in elementary and secondary schools, and to educate persons who have been victims of trafficking;
(4) development of educational curricula regarding the dangers of trafficking; and
(5) grants to nongovernmental organizations to accelerate and advance the political, economic, social, and educational roles and capacities of women in their countries.
**(b) Public awareness and information**
(1) **In general** — The President, acting through the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of State, shall establish and carry out programs to increase public awareness, particularly among potential victims of trafficking, of the dangers of trafficking and the protections that are available for victims of trafficking.
(2) **Grants to assist in the recognition of trafficking**
(A) *Definitions* — In this paragraph:
(i) *ESEA terms* — The terms “elementary school”, “local educational agency”, “other staff”, and “secondary school” have the meanings given the terms in [section 7801 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section7801&num=0&edition=prelim).
(ii) *High-intensity child sex trafficking area* — The term “high-intensity child sex trafficking area” means a metropolitan
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 621
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 2423
within the special maritime and territorial ju-
risdiction of the United States knowingly per-
suades, induces, entices, or coerces any indi-
vidual who has not attained the age of 18 years,
to engage in prostitution or any sexual activity
for which any person can be charged with a
criminal offense, or attempts to do so, shall be
fined under this title and imprisoned not less
than 10 years or for life.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 812; Pub. L. 99–628,
§ 5(b)(1), Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3511; Pub. L.
100–690, title VII, § 7070, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.
4405; Pub. L. 104–104, title V, § 508, Feb. 8, 1996,
110 Stat. 137; Pub. L. 105–314, title I, § 102, Oct. 30,
1998, 112 Stat. 2975; Pub. L. 108–21, title I,
§ 103(a)(2)(A), (B), (b)(2)(A), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat.
652, 653; Pub. L. 109–248, title II, § 203, July 27,
2006, 120 Stat. 613.)
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 399 (June 25, 1910,
ch. 395, § 3, 36 Stat. 825).
Words ‘‘deemed guilty of a felony’’ were deleted as
unnecessary in view of definition of felony in section 1
of this title. (See reviser’s note under section 550 of this
title.)
Words ‘‘and on conviction thereof shall be’’ were de-
leted as surplusage since punishment cannot be im-
posed until a conviction is secured.
The references to persons causing, procuring, aiding
or assisting were omitted as unnecessary as such per-
sons are made principals by section 2 of this title.
Words ‘‘Possession of the United States’’ were in-
serted twice. (See reviser’s note under section 2421 of
this title.)
Minor changes were made in phraseology.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–248 substituted ‘‘not less
than 10 years or for
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