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28 U.S.C. § 1606 — Extent of liability
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As to any claim for relief with respect to which a foreign state is not entitled to immunity under section 1605 or 1607 of this chapter, the foreign state shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances; but a foreign state except for an agency or instrumentality thereof shall not be liable for punitive damages; if, however, in any case wherein death was caused, the law of the place where the action or omission occurred provides, or has been construed to provide, for damages only punitive in nature, the foreign state shall be liable for actual or compensatory damages measured by the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death which were incurred by the persons for whose benefit the action was brought.
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_98b0f97cc4deff0e8e89d5da
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-28/section-1606-extent-of-liability--941d1ca901.md
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Source location: Title 28, Chapter 97, § 1606; chapter-097-jurisdictional-immunities-of-foreign-states.md
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As to any claim for relief with respect to which a foreign state is not entitled to immunity under section 1605 or 1607 of this chapter, the foreign state shall be liable in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances; but a foreign state except for an agency or instrumentality thereof shall not be liable for punitive damages; if, however, in any case wherein death was caused, the law of the place where the action or omission occurred provides, or has been construed to provide, for damages only punitive in nature, the foreign state shall be liable for actual or compensatory damages measured by the pecuniary injuries resulting from such death which were incurred by the persons for whose benefit the action was brought.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The property in the United States of a foreign state, as defined in section 1603(a) of this chapter, used for a commercial activity in the United States, shall not be immune from attachment in aid of execution, or from execution, upon a judgment entered by a court of the United States or of a State after the effective date of this Act, if—
(1) the foreign state has waived its immunity from attachment in aid of execution or from execution either explicitly or by implication, notwithstanding any withdrawal of the waiver the foreign state may purport to effect except in accordance with the terms of the waiver, or
(2) the property is or was used for the commercial activity upon which the claim is based, or
(3) the execution relates to a judgment establishing rights in property which has been taken in violation of international law or which has been exchanged for property taken in violation of international law, or
(4) the execution relates to a judgment establishing rights in property—
(A) which is acquired by succession or gift, or
(B) which is immovable and situated in the United States: Provided, That such property is not used for purposes of maintaining a diplomatic or consular mission or the residence of the Chief of such mission, or
(5) the property consists of any contractual obligation or any proceeds from such a contractual obligation to indemnify or hold harmless the foreign state or its employees under a policy of automobile or other liability or casualty insurance covering the claim which merged into the judgment, or
(6) the judgment is based on an order confirming an arbitral award rendered against the foreign state, provided that attachment in aid of execution, or execution, would not be inconsistent with any provision in the arbitral agree
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds that the determination by United States courts of the claims of foreign states to immunity from the jurisdiction of such courts would serve the interests of justice and would protect the rights of both foreign states and litigants in United States courts. Under international law, states are not immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts insofar as their commercial activities are concerned, and their commercial property may be levied upon for the satisfaction of judgments rendered against them in connection with their commercial activities. Claims of foreign states to immunity should henceforth be decided by courts of the United States and of the States in conformity with the principles set forth in this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 1602
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 433
TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
§ 1607
(b) RESPONSIBILITY OF FOREIGN STATES.—A for-
eign state shall not be immune from the juris-
diction of the courts of the United States in any
case in which money damages are sought
against a foreign state for physical injury to
person or property or death occurring in the
United States and caused by—
(1) an act of international terrorism in the
United States; and
(2) a tortious act or acts of the foreign state,
or of any official, employee, or agent of that
foreign state while acting within the scope of
his or her office, employment, or agency, re-
gardless where the tortious act or acts of the
foreign state occurred.
(c) CLAIMS
BY
NATIONALS
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.—Notwithstanding
section
2337(2)
of
title 18, a national of the United States may
bring a claim against a foreign state in accord-
ance with section 2333 of that title if the foreign
state would not be immune under subsection (b).
(d) RULE
OF CONSTRUCTION.—A foreign state
shall not be subject to the jurisdiction of the
courts of the United States under subsection (b)
on the basis of an omission or a tortious act or
acts that constitute mere negligence.
(Added Pub. L. 114–222, § 3(a), Sept. 28, 2016, 130
Stat. 853.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section applicable to any civil action pending on, or
commenced on or after, Sept. 28, 2016, and arising out
of an injury to a person, property, or business on or
after Sept. 11, 2001, see section 7 of Pub. L. 114–222, set
out as an Effective Date of 2016 Amendment note under
section 2333 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
STAY OF ACTIONS PENDING STATE NEGOTIATIONS
Pub. L. 114–222, § 5, Sept. 28, 2016, 130 Stat. 854, pro-
vided that:
‘‘(a) EXCLUSI
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 28 U.S.C. § 1606
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