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18 U.S.C. § 178 — Definitions

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 178 — Definitions

As used in this chapter— (1) the term “biological agent” means any microorganism (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substance, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism or infectious substance, capable of causing— (A) death, disease, or other biological malfunction in a human, an animal, a plant, or another living organism; (B) deterioration of food, water, equipment, supplies, or material of any kind; or (C) deleterious alteration of the environment; (2) the term “toxin” means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to, bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin and method of production, and includes— (A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living organism; or (B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of such a substance; (3) the term “delivery system” means— (A) any apparatus, equipment, device, or means of delivery specifically designed to deliver or disseminate a biological agent, toxin, or vector; or (B) any vector; (4) the term “vector” means a living organism, or molecule, including a recombinant or synthesized molecule, capable of carrying a biological agent or toxin to a host; and (5) the term “national of the United States” has the meaning prescribed in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ([8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1101/a/22&num=0&edition=prelim)).

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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 10, § 178; chapter-010-biological-weapons.md

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2332a — Use of weapons of mass destruction

**(a) Offense Against a National of the United States or Within the United States.—** A person who, without lawful authority, uses, threatens, or attempts or conspires to use, a weapon of mass destruction— (1) against a national of the United States while such national is outside of the United States; (2) against any person or property within the United States, and (A) the mail or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce is used in furtherance of the offense; (B) such property is used in interstate or foreign commerce or in an activity that affects interstate or foreign commerce; (C) any perpetrator travels in or causes another to travel in interstate or foreign commerce in furtherance of the offense; or (D) the offense, or the results of the offense, affect interstate or foreign commerce, or, in the case of a threat, attempt, or conspiracy, would have affected interstate or foreign commerce; (3) against any property that is owned, leased or used by the United States or by any department or agency of the United States, whether the property is within or outside of the United States; or (4) against any property within the United States that is owned, leased, or used by a foreign government, shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if death results, shall be punished by death or imprisoned for any term of years or for life. **(b) Offense by National of the United States Outside of the United States.—** Any national of the United States who, without lawful authority, uses, or threatens, attempts, or conspires to use, a weapon of mass destruction outside of the United States shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if death results, shall be punished by death, or by imprisonment for any term of years or for life. **

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2332f — Bombings of places of public use, government facilities, public transportation systems and infrastructure facilities

**(a) Offenses.—** (1) **In general.—** — Whoever unlawfully delivers, places, discharges, or detonates an explosive or other lethal device in, into, or against a place of public use, a state or government facility, a public transportation system, or an infrastructure facility— (A) with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or (B) with the intent to cause extensive destruction of such a place, facility, or system, where such destruction results in or is likely to result in major economic loss, shall be punished as prescribed in subsection (c). (2) **Attempts and conspiracies.—** — Whoever attempts or conspires to commit an offense under paragraph (1) shall be punished as prescribed in subsection (c). **(b) Jurisdiction.—** There is jurisdiction over the offenses in subsection (a) if— (1) the offense takes place in the United States and— (A) the offense is committed against another state or a government facility of such state, including its embassy or other diplomatic or consular premises of that state; (B) the offense is committed in an attempt to compel another state or the United States to do or abstain from doing any act; (C) at the time the offense is committed, it is committed— (i) on board a vessel flying the flag of another state; (ii) on board an aircraft which is registered under the laws of another state; or (iii) on board an aircraft which is operated by the government of another state; (D) a perpetrator is found outside the United States; (E) a perpetrator is a national of another state or a stateless person; or (F) a victim is a national of another state or a stateless person; (2) the offense takes place outside the United States and— (A) a perpetrator is a national of the United States or is a

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 262a — Enhanced control of dangerous biological agents and toxins

**(a) Regulatory control of certain biological agents and toxins** (1) **List of biological agents and toxins** (A) *In general* — The Secretary shall by regulation establish and maintain a list of each biological agent and each toxin that has the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety. (B) *Criteria* — In determining whether to include an agent or toxin on the list under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall— (i) consider— (I) the effect on human health of exposure to the agent or toxin; (II) the degree of contagiousness of the agent or toxin and the methods by which the agent or toxin is transferred to humans; (III) the availability and effectiveness of pharmacotherapies and immunizations to treat and prevent any illness resulting from infection by the agent or toxin; and (IV) any other criteria, including the needs of children and other vulnerable populations, that the Secretary considers appropriate; and (ii) consult with appropriate Federal departments and agencies and with scientific experts representing appropriate professional groups, including groups with pediatric expertise. (2) **Biennial review** — The Secretary shall review and republish the list under paragraph (1) biennially, or more often as needed, and shall by regulation revise the list as necessary in accordance with such paragraph. **(b) Regulation of transfers of listed agents and toxins** The Secretary shall by regulation provide for— (1) the establishment and enforcement of safety procedures for the transfer of listed agents and toxins, including measures to ensure— (A) proper training, including with respect to notification requirements under this section, of— (i) individuals who are involved in the handling and use of

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

50 U.S.C. § 1801 — Definitions

As used in this subchapter: **(a)** “Foreign power” means— (1) a foreign government or any component thereof, whether or not recognized by the United States; (2) a faction of a foreign nation or nations, not substantially composed of United States persons; (3) an entity that is openly acknowledged by a foreign government or governments to be directed and controlled by such foreign government or governments; (4) a group engaged in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefor; (5) a foreign-based political organization, not substantially composed of United States persons; (6) an entity that is directed and controlled by a foreign government or governments; or (7) an entity not substantially composed of United States persons that is engaged in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. **(b)** “Agent of a foreign power” means— (1) any person other than a United States person, who— (A) acts in the United States as an officer or employee of a foreign power, or as a member of a foreign power as defined in subsection (a)(4), irrespective of whether the person is inside the United States; (B) acts for or on behalf of a foreign power which engages in clandestine intelligence activities in the United States contrary to the interests of the United States, when the circumstances indicate that such person may engage in such activities, or when such person knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such activities or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such activities; (C) Omitted (D) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor; or (E) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in prepa

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

6 U.S.C. § 195i — National Biosurveillance Integration Center

**(a) Establishment** The Secretary, acting through the Assistant Secretary for the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office, shall establish, operate, and maintain a National Biosurveillance Integration Center (referred to in this section as the “NBIC”), which shall be headed by a Directing Officer, under an office or directorate of the Department that is in existence as of August 3, 2007. **(b) Primary mission** The primary mission of the NBIC is to— (1) enhance the capability of the Federal Government to— (A) rapidly identify, characterize, localize, and track a biological event of national concern by integrating and analyzing data relating to human health, animal, plant, food, and environmental monitoring systems (both national and international); and (B) disseminate alerts and other information to Member Agencies and, in coordination with (and where possible through) Member Agencies, to agencies of State, local, and tribal governments, as appropriate, to enhance the ability of such agencies to respond to a biological event of national concern; and (2) oversee development and operation of the National Biosurveillance Integration System. **(c) Requirements** The NBIC shall detect, as early as possible, a biological event of national concern that presents a risk to the United States or the infrastructure or key assets of the United States, including by— (1) consolidating data from all relevant surveillance systems maintained by Member Agencies to detect biological events of national concern across human, animal, and plant species; (2) seeking private sources of surveillance, both foreign and domestic, when such sources would enhance coverage of critical surveillance gaps; (3) using an information technology system that uses the best available statist

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

7 U.S.C. § 8401 — Regulation of certain biological agents and toxins

**(a) Regulatory control of certain biological agents and toxins** (1) **List of biological agents and toxins** (A) *In general* — The Secretary of Agriculture shall by regulation establish and maintain a list of each biological agent and each toxin that the Secretary determines has the potential to pose a severe threat to animal or plant health, or to animal or plant products. (B) *Criteria* — In determining whether to include an agent or toxin on the list under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall— (i) consider— (I) the effect of exposure to the agent or toxin on animal or plant health, and on the production and marketability of animal or plant products; (II) the pathogenicity of the agent or the toxicity of the toxin and the methods by which the agent or toxin is transferred to animals or plants; (III) the availability and effectiveness of pharmacotherapies and prophylaxis to treat and prevent any illness caused by the agent or toxin; (IV) (aa) whether such inclusion would have a substantial negative impact on the research and development of solutions for the animal or plant disease caused by the agent or toxin; and (bb) whether the negative impact described in item (aa) would substantially outweigh the risk posed by the agent or toxin to animal or plant health if it is not included on the list; and (V) any other criteria that the Secretary considers appropriate to protect animal or plant health, or animal or plant products; and (ii) consult with appropriate Federal departments and agencies and with scientific experts representing appropriate professional groups. (2) **Biennial review** — The Secretary shall review and republish the list under paragraph (1) biennially, or more often as needed, an

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 178 — Definitions

Page 50 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 176 ‘‘(4) The use, or even the threatened use, of MANPADS, atomic or radiological weapons, or the variola virus, against the United States, its allies, or its people, poses a grave risk to the security, foreign policy, economy, and environment of the United States. Accordingly, the United States has a compel- ling national security interest in preventing unlawful activities that lead to the proliferation or spread of such items, including their unauthorized production, construction, acquisition, transfer, possession, im- port, or export. All of these activities markedly in- crease the chances that such items will be obtained by terrorist organizations or rogue states, which could use them to attack the United States, its allies, or United States nationals or corporations. ‘‘(5) There is no legitimate reason for a private indi- vidual or company, absent explicit government au- thorization, to produce, construct, otherwise acquire, transfer, receive, possess, import, export, or use MANPADS, atomic or radiological weapons, or the variola virus. ‘‘(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this subtitle [subtitle J (§§ 6901–6911) of title VI of Pub. L. 108–458, see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title] is to combat the potential use of weapons that have the ability to cause widespread harm to United States persons and the United States economy (and that have no legitimate private use) and to threat- en or harm the national security or foreign relations of the United States.’’ § 176. Seizure, forfeiture, and destruction (a) IN GENERAL.—(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Attorney General may request the issuance, in the same manner as provided for a search warrant, of a

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

8 U.S.C. § 1101 — Definitions

**(a)** As used in this chapter— (1) The term “administrator” means the official designated by the Secretary of State pursuant to [section 1104(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1104/b&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) The term “advocates” includes, but is not limited to, advises, recommends, furthers by overt act, and admits belief in. (3) The term “alien” means any person not a citizen or national of the United States. (4) The term “application for admission” has reference to the application for admission into the United States and not to the application for the issuance of an immigrant or nonimmigrant visa. (5) The term “Attorney General” means the Attorney General of the United States. (6) The term “border crossing identification card” means a document of identity bearing that designation issued to an alien who is lawfully admitted for permanent residence, or to an alien who is a resident in foreign contiguous territory, by a consular officer or an immigration officer for the purpose of crossing over the borders between the United States and foreign contiguous territory in accordance with such conditions for its issuance and use as may be prescribed by regulations. Such regulations shall provide that (A) each such document include a biometric identifier (such as the fingerprint or handprint of the alien) that is machine readable and (B) an alien presenting a border crossing identification card is not permitted to cross over the border into the United States unless the biometric identifier contained on the card matches the appropriate biometric characteristic of the alien. (7) The term “clerk of court” means a clerk of a naturalization court. (8) The terms “Commissioner” and “Deputy Commissioner” mean the Co

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

8 U.S.C. § 1101 — Definitions

Page 16 TITLE 8—ALIENS AND NATIONALITY § 1101 Sec. 1484 to 1487. Repealed. 1488. Nationality lost solely from performance of acts or fulfillment of conditions. 1489. Application of treaties; exceptions. PART IV—MISCELLANEOUS 1501. Certificate of diplomatic or consular officer of United States as to loss of American na- tionality. 1502. Certificate of nationality issued by Secretary of State for person not a naturalized citizen of United States for use in proceedings of a foreign state. 1503. Denial of rights and privileges as national. 1504. Cancellation of United States passports and Consular Reports of Birth. SUBCHAPTER IV—REFUGEE ASSISTANCE 1521. Office of Refugee Resettlement; establish- ment; appointment of Director; functions. 1522. Authorization for programs for domestic re- settlement of and assistance to refugees. 1523. Congressional reports. 1524. Authorization of appropriations. 1525. Repealed. SUBCHAPTER V—ALIEN TERRORIST REMOVAL PROCEDURES 1531. Definitions. 1532. Establishment of removal court. 1533. Removal court procedure. 1534. Removal hearing. 1535. Appeals. 1536. Custody and release pending removal hearing. 1537. Custody and release after removal hearing. SUBCHAPTER I—GENERAL PROVISIONS § 1101. Definitions (a) As used in this chapter— (1) The term ‘‘administrator’’ means the offi- cial designated by the Secretary of State pursu- ant to section 1104(b) of this title. (2) The term ‘‘advocates’’ includes, but is not limited to, advises, recommends, furthers by overt act, and admits belief in. (3) The term ‘‘alien’’ means any person not a citizen or national of the United States. (4) The term ‘‘application for admission’’ has reference to the application for admission into the United States and not

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