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42 U.S.C. § 15001 — Findings, purposes, and policy
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** Congress finds that—
(1) disability is a natural part of the human experience that does not diminish the right of individuals with developmental disabilities to live independently, to exert control and choice over their own lives, and to fully participate in and contribute to their communities through full integration and inclusion in the economic, political, social, cultural, and educational mainstream of United States society;
(2) in 1999, there were between 3,200,000 and 4,500,000 individuals with developmental disabilities in the United States, and recent studies indicate that individuals with developmental disabilities comprise between 1.2 and 1.65 percent of the United States population;
(3) individuals whose disabilities occur during their developmental period frequently have severe disabilities that are likely to continue indefinitely;
(4) individuals with developmental disabilities often encounter discrimination in the provision of critical services, such as services in the areas of emphasis (as defined in [section 15002 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15002&num=0&edition=prelim));
(5) individuals with developmental disabilities are at greater risk than the general population of abuse, neglect, financial and sexual exploitation, and the violation of their legal and human rights;
(6) a substantial portion of individuals with developmental disabilities and their families do not have access to appropriate support and services, including access to assistive technology, from generic and specialized service systems, and remain unserved or underserved;
(7) individuals with developmental disabilities often require lifelong community services, individualized supports, and other forms of a
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-15001-findings-purposes-and-policy--90c410deb0.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 144, § 15001; chapter-144-developmental-disabilities-assistance-and-bill-of-rights.md
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**(a) Findings** Congress finds that—
(1) disability is a natural part of the human experience that does not diminish the right of individuals with developmental disabilities to live independently, to exert control and choice over their own lives, and to fully participate in and contribute to their communities through full integration and inclusion in the economic, political, social, cultural, and educational mainstream of United States society;
(2) in 1999, there were between 3,200,000 and 4,500,000 individuals with developmental disabilities in the United States, and recent studies indicate that individuals with developmental disabilities comprise between 1.2 and 1.65 percent of the United States population;
(3) individuals whose disabilities occur during their developmental period frequently have severe disabilities that are likely to continue indefinitely;
(4) individuals with developmental disabilities often encounter discrimination in the provision of critical services, such as services in the areas of emphasis (as defined in [section 15002 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15002&num=0&edition=prelim));
(5) individuals with developmental disabilities are at greater risk than the general population of abuse, neglect, financial and sexual exploitation, and the violation of their legal and human rights;
(6) a substantial portion of individuals with developmental disabilities and their families do not have access to appropriate support and services, including access to assistive technology, from generic and specialized service systems, and remain unserved or underserved;
(7) individuals with developmental disabilities often require lifelong community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance, that are most effective when provided in a coordinated manner;
(8) there is a need to ensure that services, supports, and other assistance are provided in a culturally competent manner, that ensures that individuals from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds are fully included in all activities provided under this subchapter;
(9) family members, friends, and members of the community can play an important role in enhancing the lives of individuals with developmental disabilities, especially when the family members, friends, and community members are provided with the necessary community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance;
(10) current research indicates that 88 percent of individuals with developmental disabilities live with their families or in their own households;
(11) many service delivery systems and communities are not prepared to meet the impending needs of the 479,862 adults with developmental disabilities who are living at home with parents who are 60 years old or older and who serve as the primary caregivers of the adults;
(12) in almost every State, individuals with developmental disabilities are waiting for appropriate services in their communities, in the areas of emphasis;
(13) the public needs to be made more aware of the capabilities and competencies of individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly in cases in which the individuals are provided with necessary services, supports, and other assistance;
(14) as increasing numbers of individuals with developmental disabilities are living, learning, working, and participating in all aspects of community life, there is an increasing need for a well trained workforce that is able to provide the services, supports, and other forms of direct assistance required to enable the individuals to carry out those activities;
(15) there needs to be greater effort to recruit individuals from minority backgrounds into professions serving individuals with developmental disabilities and their families;
(16) the goals of the Nation properly include a goal of providing individuals with developmental disabilities with the information, skills, opportunities, and support to—
(A) make informed choices and decisions about their lives;
(B) live in homes and communities in which such individuals can exercise their full rights and responsibilities as citizens;
(C) pursue meaningful and productive lives;
(D) contribute to their families, communities, and States, and the Nation;
(E) have interdependent friendships and relationships with other persons;
(F) live free of abuse, neglect, financial and sexual exploitation, and violations of their legal and human rights; and
(G) achieve full integration and inclusion in society, in an individualized manner, consistent with the unique strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities, and capabilities of each individual; and
(17) as the Nation, States, and communities maintain and expand community living options for individuals with developmental disabilities, there is a need to evaluate the access to those options by individuals with developmental disabilities and the effects of those options on individuals with developmental disabilities.
**(b) Purpose** The purpose of this subchapter is to assure that individuals with developmental disabilities and their families participate in the design of and have access to needed community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance that promote self-determination, independence, productivity, and integration and inclusion in all facets of community life, through culturally competent programs authorized under this subchapter, including specifically—
(1) State Councils on Developmental Disabilities in each State to engage in advocacy, capacity building, and systemic change activities that—
(A) are consistent with the purpose described in this subsection and the policy described in subsection (c); and
(B) contribute to a coordinated, consumer- and family-centered, consumer- and family-directed, comprehensive system that includes needed community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance that promote self-determination for individuals with developmental disabilities and their families;
(2) protection and advocacy systems in each State to protect the legal and human rights of individuals with developmental disabilities;
(3) University Centers for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research, and Service—
(A) to provide interdisciplinary pre-service preparation and continuing education of students and fellows, which may include the preparation and continuing education of leadership, direct service, clinical, or other personnel to strengthen and increase the capacity of States and communities to achieve the purpose of this subchapter;
(B) to provide community services—
(i) that provide training and technical assistance for individuals with developmental disabilities, their families, professionals, paraprofessionals, policymakers, students, and other members of the community; and
(ii) that may provide services, supports, and assistance for the persons described in clause (i) through demonstration and model activities;
(C) to conduct research, which may include basic or applied research, evaluation, and the analysis of public policy in areas that affect or could affect, either positively or negatively, individuals with developmental disabilities and their families; and
(D) to disseminate information related to activities undertaken to address the purpose of this subchapter, especially dissemination of information that demonstrates that the network authorized under this part is a national and international resource that includes specific substantive areas of expertise that may be accessed and applied in diverse settings and circumstances; and
(4) funding for—
(A) national initiatives to collect necessary data on issues that are directly or indirectly relevant to the lives of individuals with developmental disabilities;
(B) technical assistance to entities who engage in or intend to engage in activities consistent with the purpose described in this subsection or the policy described in subsection (c); and
(C) other nationally significant activities.
**(c) Policy** It is the policy of the United States that all programs, projects, and activities receiving assistance under this subchapter shall be carried out in a manner consistent with the principles that—
(1) individuals with developmental disabilities, including those with the most severe developmental disabilities, are capable of self-determination, independence, productivity, and integration and inclusion in all facets of community life, but often require the provision of community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance;
(2) individuals with developmental disabilities and their families have competencies, capabilities, and personal goals that should be recognized, supported, and encouraged, and any assistance to such individuals should be provided in an individualized manner, consistent with the unique strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities, and capabilities of such individuals;
(3) individuals with developmental disabilities and their families are the primary decisionmakers regarding the services and supports such individuals and their families receive, including regarding choosing where the individuals live from available options, and play decisionmaking roles in policies and programs that affect the lives of such individuals and their families;
(4) services, supports, and other assistance should be provided in a manner that demonstrates respect for individual dignity, personal preferences, and cultural differences;
(5) specific efforts must be made to ensure that individuals with developmental disabilities from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and their families enjoy increased and meaningful opportunities to access and use community services, individualized supports, and other forms of assistance available to other individuals with developmental disabilities and their families;
(6) recruitment efforts in disciplines related to developmental disabilities relating to pre-service training, community training, practice, administration, and policymaking must focus on bringing larger numbers of racial and ethnic minorities into the disciplines in order to provide appropriate skills, knowledge, role models, and sufficient personnel to address the growing needs of an increasingly diverse population;
(7) with education and support, communities can be accessible to and responsive to the needs of individuals with developmental disabilities and their families and are enriched by full and active participation in community activities, and contributions, by individuals with developmental disabilities and their families;
(8) individuals with developmental disabilities have access to opportunities and the necessary support to be included in community life, have interdependent relationships, live in homes and communities, and make contributions to their families, communities, and States, and the Nation;
(9) efforts undertaken to maintain or expand community-based living options for individuals with disabilities should be monitored in order to determine and report to appropriate individuals and entities the extent of access by individuals with developmental disabilities to those options and the extent of compliance by entities providing those options with quality assurance standards;
(10) families of children with developmental disabilities need to have access to and use of safe and appropriate child care and before-school and after-school programs, in the most integrated settings, in order to enrich the participation of the children in community life;
(11) individuals with developmental disabilities need to have access to and use of public transportation, in order to be independent and directly contribute to and participate in all facets of community life; and
(12) individuals with developmental disabilities need to have access to and use of recreational, leisure, and social opportunities in the most integrated settings, in order to enrich their participation in community life.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—**
(1) **Advisory committees in existence on january 5, 1973.—** — Each advisory committee that is in existence on January 5, 1973, shall terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following that date unless—
(A) in the case of an advisory committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such advisory committee is renewed by the President or that officer by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period; or
(B) in the case of an advisory committee established by an Act of Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law.
(2) **Advisory committees established after january 5, 1973.—** — Each advisory committee established after January 5, 1973, shall terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of its establishment unless—
(A) in the case of an advisory committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. such advisory committee is renewed by the President or such officer by appropriate action prior to the end of such period; or
(B) in the case of an advisory committee established by an Act of Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law.
**(b) Charters.—**
(1) **Upon renewal.—** — Upon the renewal of an advisory committee, the advisory committee shall file a charter in accordance with [section 1008(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section1008/c&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Upon expiration of successive 2-year periods.—** — An advisory committee established by an Act of Congress shall file a charter in accordance with [section 1008(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.x
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 1013
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this section—
(1) “agency” has the meaning given it by [section 5721 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5721&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(2) “appropriation” includes funds made available by statute under [section 9104 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section9104&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b)** When authorized by an appropriation or other statute, the head of an agency may procure by contract the temporary (not in excess of 1 year) or intermittent services of experts or consultants or an organization thereof, including stenographic reporting services. Services procured under this section are without regard to—
(1) the provisions of this title governing appointment in the competitive service;
(2) chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of this title; and
(3) section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41, except in the case of stenographic reporting services by an organization.
However, an agency subject to chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of this title may pay a rate for services under this section in excess of the daily equivalent of the highest rate payable under [section 5332 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5332&num=0&edition=prelim) only when specifically authorized by the appropriation or other statute authorizing the procurement of the services.
**(c)** Positions in the Senior Executive Service or the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Drug Enforcement Administration Senior Executive Service may not be filled under the authority of subsection (b) of this section.
**(d)** The Office of Personnel Management shall prescribe regulations necessary for the administration of t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 3109
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Administrator.—** — The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of General Services.
(2) **Advisory committee.—**
(A) *In general.—* — The term “advisory committee” means a committee, board, commission, council, conference, panel, task force, or other similar group, or any subcommittee or other subgroup thereof (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as “committee”) that is established or utilized to obtain advice or recommendations for the President or one or more agencies or officers of the Federal Government and that is—
(i) established by statute or reorganization plan;
(ii) established or utilized by the President; or
(iii) established or utilized by one or more agencies.
(B) *Exclusions.—* — The term “advisory committee” excludes—
(i) a committee that is composed wholly of full-time, or permanent part-time, officers or employees of the Federal Government; and
(ii) a committee that is created by the National Academy of Sciences or the National Academy of Public Administration.
(3) **Agency.—** — The term “agency” has the meaning given the term in [section 551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section551&num=0&edition=prelim).
(4) **Presidential advisory committee.—** — The term “Presidential advisory committee” means an advisory committee that advises the President.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 1001
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this subchapter:
(1) **American Indian Consortium** — The term “American Indian Consortium” means any confederation of 2 or more recognized American Indian tribes, created through the official action of each participating tribe, that has a combined total resident population of 150,000 enrolled tribal members and a contiguous territory of Indian lands in 2 or more States.
(2) **Areas of emphasis** — The term “areas of emphasis” means the areas related to quality assurance activities, education activities and early intervention activities, child care-related activities, health-related activities, employment-related activities, housing-related activities, transportation-related activities, recreation-related activities, and other services available or offered to individuals in a community, including formal and informal community supports, that affect their quality of life.
(3) **Assistive technology device** — The term “assistive technology device” means any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with developmental disabilities.
(4) **Assistive technology service** — The term “assistive technology service” means any service that directly assists an individual with a developmental disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device. Such term includes—
(A) conducting an evaluation of the needs of an individual with a developmental disability, including a functional evaluation of the individual in the individual’s customary environment;
(B) purchasing, leasing, or otherwise providing for the acquisition of an assistive technology device by an individual with a developmental disability;
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 15002
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Purpose** The purpose of this section is to encourage qualified individuals to enter and continue employment as civil legal assistance attorneys.
**(b) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Civil legal assistance attorney** — The term “civil legal assistance attorney” means an attorney who—
(A) is a full-time employee of—
(i) a nonprofit organization that provides legal assistance with respect to civil matters to low-income individuals without a fee; or
(ii) a protection and advocacy system or client assistance program that provides legal assistance with respect to civil matters and receives funding under—
(I) subtitle C of title I of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 ([42 U.S.C. 15041](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15041&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(II) section 732 or 794e of title 29;
(III) part A of title I of the Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness Act ([42 U.S.C. 10801](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section10801&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(IV) [section 3004 of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section3004&num=0&edition=prelim);
(V) [section 1320b–21 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1320b–21&num=0&edition=prelim);
(VI) [section 300d–53 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section300d–53&num=0&edition=prelim); or
(VII) [section 21061 of title 52](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title52-section21061&num=0&edition=prelim);
(B) as such employee, provides civil legal assista
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1078–12
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Nothing in this subpart shall be construed to reduce or expand—
(1) the obligation of a State or local educational agency to provide a free appropriate public education, as defined in [section 1401 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1401&num=0&edition=prelim); or
(2) eligibility requirements under any Federal, State, or local disability law, including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ([42 U.S.C. 12101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section12101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ([29 U.S.C. 701](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section701&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), or the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 ([42 U.S.C. 15001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1140k
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Adult service program** — The term “adult service program” means a program that provides services to, or is otherwise substantially involved with the major life functions of, individuals with disabilities. Such term includes—
(A) a program providing residential, supportive, or employment-related services, to individuals with disabilities;
(B) a program carried out by a center for independent living, such as a center described in part C of title VII of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ([29 U.S.C. 796f](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section796f&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(C) a program carried out by an employment support agency connected to adult vocational rehabilitation, such as a one-stop partner, as defined in [section 3102 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section3102&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(D) a program carried out by another organization or vender licensed or registered by the designated State agency, as defined in section 7 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ([29 U.S.C. 705](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section705&num=0&edition=prelim)).
(2) **American Indian consortium** — The term “American Indian consortium” means an entity that is an American Indian Consortium (as defined in section 102 of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 ([42 U.S.C. 15002](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15002&num=0&edition=prelim))), and that is established to provide protection and advocacy services for purposes of receiving funding under subtitle C of title I of such Act ([42 U.S.C. 15041](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 3002
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Grants**
(1) **In general** — The Secretary shall make grants under subsection (b) to protection and advocacy systems in each State for the purpose of enabling such systems to assist in the acquisition, utilization, or maintenance of assistive technology devices or assistive technology services for individuals with disabilities.
(2) **General authorities** — In providing the assistance described under paragraph (1), protection and advocacy systems shall have the same general authorities as the systems are afforded under subtitle C of title I of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 ([42 U.S.C. 15041](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section15041&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
**(b) Reservation; distribution**
(1) **Reservation** — For each fiscal year, the Secretary shall reserve, from the amounts made available to carry out this section under [section 3008(b)(2)(B) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section3008/b/2/B&num=0&edition=prelim), such sums as may be necessary to carry out paragraph (4).
(2) **Population basis** — From the amounts appropriated to carry out this section for a fiscal year that remain after the reservation required under paragraph (1) has been made, the Secretary shall make a grant to a protection and advocacy system within each State in an amount bearing the same ratio to the remaining amounts as the population of the State bears to the population of all States.
(3) **Minimums** — Subject to the availability of appropriations and paragraph (5), the amount of a grant to a protection and advocacy system under paragraph (2) for a fiscal year shall—
(A) in the case of a protection and advocacy system located in Amer
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 3004
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment of grant program** From funds appropriated under subsection (h), the Secretary shall, in accordance with this section, make grants to States to establish and carry out client assistance programs to provide assistance in informing and advising all clients and client applicants of all available benefits under this chapter, including under sections 733 and 794g of this title, and, upon request of such clients or client applicants, to assist and advocate for such clients or applicants in their relationships with projects, programs, and services provided under this chapter, including assistance and advocacy in pursuing legal, administrative, or other appropriate remedies to ensure the protection of the rights of such individuals under this chapter and to facilitate access to the services funded under this chapter through individual and systemic advocacy. The client assistance program shall provide information on the available services and benefits under this chapter and title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ([42 U.S.C. 12111](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section12111&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) to individuals with disabilities in the State, especially with regard to individuals with disabilities who have traditionally been unserved or underserved by vocational rehabilitation programs. In providing assistance and advocacy under this subsection with respect to services under this subchapter, a client assistance program may provide the assistance and advocacy with respect to services that are directly related to facilitating the employment of the individual.
**(b) Existence of State program as requisite to receiving payments** No State may receive payments from its allotment under this chapter in a
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 780a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment; Director as principal officer**
(1) There is established within the Administration for Community Living of the Department of Health and Human Services a National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (referred to in this subchapter as the “Institute”), which shall be headed by a Director (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the “Director”), in order to—
(A) promote, coordinate, and provide for—
(i) research;
(ii) demonstration projects, training, and technical assistance;
(iii) outreach and information that clarifies research implications for policy and practice; and
(iv) related activities,
with respect to individuals with disabilities;
(B) more effectively carry out activities through the programs under [section 764 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section764&num=0&edition=prelim) and activities under this section;
(C) widely disseminate information from the activities described in subparagraphs (A) and (B); and
(D) provide leadership in advancing the quality of life of individuals with disabilities.
(2) In the performance of the functions of the office, the Director shall be directly responsible to the Administrator for the Administration for Community Living of the Department of Health and Human Services.
**(b) Duties of Director** The Director, through the Institute, shall be responsible for—
(1) administering the programs described in [section 764 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section764&num=0&edition=prelim) and activities under this section;
(2) widely disseminating findings, conclusions, and recommendations, resulting from research, demonstration projec
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 790
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