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26 U.S.C. § 4951 — Taxes on self-dealing
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Initial taxes**
(1) **On self-dealer** — There is hereby imposed a tax on each act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and a trust described in section 501(c)(21). The rate of tax shall be equal to 10 percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a trustee acting only as a trustee of the trust) who participates in the act of self-dealing.
(2) **On trustee** — In any case in which a tax is imposed by paragraph (1), there is hereby imposed on the participation of any trustee of such a trust in an act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and the trust, knowing that it is such an act, a tax equal to 2½ percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period, unless such participation is not willful and is due to reasonable cause. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any such trustee who participated in the act of self-dealing.
**(b) Additional taxes**
(1) **On self-dealer** — In any case in which an initial tax is imposed by subsection (a)(1) on an act of self-dealing by a disqualified person with a trust described in section 501(c)(21) and in which the act is not corrected within the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 100 percent of the amount involved. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a trustee acting only as a trustee of such a trust) who participated in the act of self-dealing.
(2) **On trustee** — In any case in which an additional tax is imposed by paragraph (1), if a trustee of such a trust refused to agree to part or a
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-26/section-4951-taxes-on-self-dealing--52c5e43ba9.md
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Source location: Title 26, Chapter 42, § 4951; chapter-042-private-foundations-and-certain-other-tax-exempt-organizations.md
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**(a) Initial taxes**
(1) **On self-dealer** — There is hereby imposed a tax on each act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and a trust described in section 501(c)(21). The rate of tax shall be equal to 10 percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a trustee acting only as a trustee of the trust) who participates in the act of self-dealing.
(2) **On trustee** — In any case in which a tax is imposed by paragraph (1), there is hereby imposed on the participation of any trustee of such a trust in an act of self-dealing between a disqualified person and the trust, knowing that it is such an act, a tax equal to 2½ percent of the amount involved with respect to the act of self-dealing for each year (or part thereof) in the taxable period, unless such participation is not willful and is due to reasonable cause. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any such trustee who participated in the act of self-dealing.
**(b) Additional taxes**
(1) **On self-dealer** — In any case in which an initial tax is imposed by subsection (a)(1) on an act of self-dealing by a disqualified person with a trust described in section 501(c)(21) and in which the act is not corrected within the taxable period, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 100 percent of the amount involved. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any disqualified person (other than a trustee acting only as a trustee of such a trust) who participated in the act of self-dealing.
(2) **On trustee** — In any case in which an additional tax is imposed by paragraph (1), if a trustee of such a trust refused to agree to part or all of the correction, there is hereby imposed a tax equal to 50 percent of the amount involved. The tax imposed by this paragraph shall be paid by any such trustee who refused to agree to part or all of the correction.
**(c) Joint and several liability** If more than one person is liable under any paragraph of subsection (a) or (b) with respect to any one act of self-dealing, all such persons shall be jointly and severally liable under such paragraph with respect to such act.
**(d) Self-dealing**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of this section, the term “self-dealing” means any direct or indirect—
(A) sale, exchange, or leasing of real or personal property between a trust described in section 501(c)(21) and a disqualified person;
(B) lending of money or other extension of credit between such a trust and a disqualified person;
(C) furnishing of goods, services, or facilities between such a trust and a disqualified person;
(D) payment of compensation (or payment or reimbursement of expenses) by such a trust to a disqualified person; and
(E) transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of, a disqualified person of the income or assets of such a trust.
(2) **Special rules** — For purposes of paragraph (1)—
(A) the transfer of personal property by a disqualified person to such a trust shall be treated as a sale or exchange if the property is subject to a mortgage or similar lien;
(B) the furnishing of goods, services, or facilities by a disqualified person to such a trust shall not be an act of self-dealing if the furnishing is without charge and if the goods, services, or facilities so furnished are used exclusively for the purposes specified in section 501(c)(21)(A); and
(C) the payment of compensation (and the payment or reimbursement of expenses) by such a trust to a disqualified person for personal services which are reasonable and necessary to carrying out the exempt purpose of the trust shall not be an act of self-dealing if the compensation (or payment or reimbursement) is not excessive.
**(e) Definitions** For purposes of this section—
(1) **Taxable period** — The term “taxable period” means, with respect to any act of self-dealing, the period beginning with the date on which the act of self-dealing occurs and ending on the earliest of—
(A) the date of mailing a notice of deficiency with respect to the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) under section 6212,
(B) the date on which the tax imposed by subsection (a)(1) is assessed, or
(C) the date on which correction of the act of self-dealing is completed.
(2) **Amount involved** — The term “amount involved” means, with respect to any act of self-dealing, the greater of the amount of money and the fair market value of the other property given or the amount of money and the fair market value of the other property received; except that in the case of services described in subsection (d)(2)(C), the amount involved shall be only the excess compensation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the fair market value—
(A) in the case of the taxes imposed by subsection (a), shall be determined as of the date on which the act of self-dealing occurs; and
(B) in the case of taxes imposed by subsection (b), shall be the highest fair market value during the taxable period.
(3) **Correction** — The terms “correction” and “correct” mean, with respect to any act of self-dealing, undoing the transaction to the extent possible, but in any case placing the trust in a financial position not worse than that in which it would be if the disqualified person were dealing under the highest fiduciary standards.
(4) **Disqualified person** — The term “disqualified person” means, with respect to a trust described in section 501(c)(21), a person who is—
(A) a contributor to the trust,
(B) a trustee of the trust,
(C) an owner of more than 10 percent of—
(i) the total combined voting power of a corporation,
(ii) the profits interest of a partnership, or
(iii) the beneficial interest of a trust or unincorporated enterprise,
which is a contributor to the trust,
(D) an officer, director, or employee of a person who is a contributor to the trust,
(E) the spouse, ancestor, lineal descendant, or spouse of a lineal descendant of an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D),
(F) a corporation of which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E) own more than 35 percent of the total combined voting power,
(G) a partnership in which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E), own more than 35 percent of the profits interest, or
(H) a trust or estate in which persons described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), or (E), hold more than 35 percent of the beneficial interest.
For purposes of subparagraphs (C)(i) and (F), there shall be taken into account indirect stockholdings which would be taken into account under section 267(c), except that, for purposes of this paragraph, section 267(c)(4) shall be treated as providing that the members of the family of an individual are only those individuals described in subparagraph (E) of this paragraph. For purposes of subparagraphs (C) (ii) and (iii), (G), and (H), the ownership of profits or beneficial interests shall be determined in accordance with the rules for constructive ownership of stock provided in section 267(c) (other than paragraph (3) thereof), except that section 267(c)(4) shall be treated as providing that the members of the family of an individual are only those individuals described in subparagraph (E) of this paragraph.
**(f) Payments of benefits** For purposes of this section, a payment, out of assets or income of a trust described in section 501(c)(21), for the purposes described in subclause (I) or (IV) of section 501(c)(21)(A)(i) shall not be considered an act of self-dealing.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Allowance of deduction** There is allowed as a deduction for the taxable year an amount equal to the sum of the amounts contributed by the taxpayer during the taxable year to or under a trust or trusts described in section 501(c)(21).
**(b) Limitation** The maximum amount of the deduction allowed by subsection (a) for any taxpayer for any taxable year shall not exceed the greater of—
(1) the amount necessary to fund (with level funding) the remaining unfunded liability of the taxpayer for black lung claims filed (or expected to be filed) by (or with respect to) past or present employees of the taxpayer, or
(2) the aggregate amount necessary to increase each trust described in section 501(c)(21) to the amount required to pay all amounts payable out of such trust for the taxable year.
**(c) Special rules**
(1) **Method of determining amounts referred to in subsection (b)**
(A) *In general* — The amounts described in subsection (b) shall be determined by using reasonable actuarial methods and assumptions which are not inconsistent with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
(B) *Funding period* — Except as provided in subparagraph (C), the funding period for purposes of subsection (b)(1) shall be the greater of—
(i) the average remaining working life of miners who are present employees of the taxpayer, or
(ii) 10 taxable years.
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term “miner” has the same meaning as such term has when used in section 402(d) of the Black Lung Benefits Act ([30 U.S.C. 902(d)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title30-section902/d&num=0&edition=prelim)).
(C) *Different funding periods* — To the extent that—
(i) regulations prescribed by the Secretary provide for a different period, or
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 26 U.S.C. § 192
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** If any taxable event is corrected during the correction period for such event, then any second tier tax imposed with respect to such event (including interest, additions to the tax, and additional amounts) shall not be assessed, and if assessed the assessment shall be abated, and if collected shall be credited or refunded as an overpayment.
**(b) Supplemental proceeding** If the determination by a court that the taxpayer is liable for a second tier tax has become final, such court shall have jurisdiction to conduct any necessary supplemental proceeding to determine whether the taxable event was corrected during the correction period. Such a supplemental proceeding may be begun only during the period which ends on the 90th day after the last day of the correction period. Where such a supplemental proceeding has begun, the reference in the second sentence of section 6213(a) to a final decision of the Tax Court shall be treated as including a final decision in such supplemental proceeding.
**(c) Suspension of period of collection for second tier tax**
(1) **Proceeding in District Court or United States Court of Federal Claims** — If, not later than 90 days after the day on which the second tier tax is assessed, the first tier tax is paid in full and a claim for refund of the amount so paid is filed, no levy or proceeding in court for the collection of the second tier tax shall be made, begun, or prosecuted until a final resolution of a proceeding begun as provided in paragraph (2) (and of any supplemental proceeding with respect thereto under subsection (b)). Notwithstanding section 7421(a), the collection by levy or proceeding may be enjoined during the time such prohibition is in force by a proceeding in the proper court.
(2) **Suit must be broug
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 26 U.S.C. § 4961
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** If the Secretary determines that there is a deficiency in respect of any tax imposed by subtitles A or B or chapter 41, 42, 43, or 44 he is authorized to send notice of such deficiency to the taxpayer by certified mail or registered mail. Such notice shall include a notice to the taxpayer of the taxpayer’s right to contact a local office of the taxpayer advocate and the location and phone number of the appropriate office.
**(b) Address for notice of deficiency**
(1) **Income and gift taxes and certain excise taxes** — In the absence of notice to the Secretary under section 6903 of the existence of a fiduciary relationship, notice of a deficiency in respect of a tax imposed by subtitle A, chapter 12, chapter 41, chapter 42, chapter 43, or chapter 44 if mailed to the taxpayer at his last known address, shall be sufficient for purposes of subtitle A, chapter 12, chapter 41, chapter 42, chapter 43, chapter 44, and this chapter even if such taxpayer is deceased, or is under a legal disability, or, in the case of a corporation, has terminated its existence.
(2) **Joint income tax return** — In the case of a joint income tax return filed by husband and wife, such notice of deficiency may be a single joint notice, except that if the Secretary has been notified by either spouse that separate residences have been established, then, in lieu of the single joint notice, a duplicate original of the joint notice shall be sent by certified mail or registered mail to each spouse at his last known address.
(3) **Estate tax** — In the absence of notice to the Secretary under section 6903 of the existence of a fiduciary relationship, notice of a deficiency in respect of a tax imposed by chapter 11, if addressed in the name of the decedent or other person subject to l
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 3039
TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
§ 4951
2004, and to taxable years of United States shareholders
with or within which such taxable years of foreign cor-
porations end, see section 413(d)(1) of Pub. L. 108–357,
set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2004
Amendments note under section 1 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to deduc-
tions for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2009, see
section 542(f)(3) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note
under section 121 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to transfers
made by trusts to, or for the use of, an employee stock
ownership plan after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 1530(d) of
Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 401 of
this title.
§ 4948. Application of taxes and denial of exemp-
tion with respect to certain foreign organiza-
tions
(a) Tax on income of certain foreign organiza-
tions
In lieu of the tax imposed by section 4940,
there is hereby imposed for each taxable year on
the gross investment income (within the mean-
ing of section 4940(c)(2)) derived from sources
within the United States (within the meaning of
section 861) by every foreign organization which
is a private foundation for the taxable year a
tax equal to 4 percent of such income.
(b) Certain sections inapplicable
Section 507 (relating to termination of private
foundation status), section 508 (relating to spe-
cial rules with respect to section 501(c)(3) orga-
nizations), and this chapter (other than this sec-
tion) shall not apply to any foreign organization
which has received substantially all of its sup-
port (other than gross investment income) from
sources outside the United States.
(c) Denial of exe
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 26 U.S.C. § 4951
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