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18 U.S.C. § 798 — Disclosure of classified information
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever knowingly and willfully communicates, furnishes, transmits, or otherwise makes available to an unauthorized person, or publishes, or uses in any manner prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefit of any foreign government to the detriment of the United States any classified information—
(1) concerning the nature, preparation, or use of any code, cipher, or cryptographic system of the United States or any foreign government; or
(2) concerning the design, construction, use, maintenance, or repair of any device, apparatus, or appliance used or prepared or planned for use by the United States or any foreign government for cryptographic or communication intelligence purposes; or
(3) concerning the communication intelligence activities of the United States or any foreign government; or
(4) obtained by the processes of communication intelligence from the communications of any foreign government, knowing the same to have been obtained by such processes—
Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
**(b)** As used in subsection (a) of this section—The term “classified information” means information which, at the time of a violation of this section, is, for reasons of national security, specifically designated by a United States Government Agency for limited or restricted dissemination or distribution; The terms “code,” “cipher,” and “cryptographic system” include in their meanings, in addition to their usual meanings, any method of secret writing and any mechanical or electrical device or method used for the purpose of disguising or concealing the contents, significance, or meanings of communications; The term “foreign government” includes in its meaning any person or persons acting or purp
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_50d1d3b05fb0a6da469d52f3
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-798-disclosure-of-classified-information--797f77bccc.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 37, § 798; chapter-037-espionage-and-censorship.md
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**(a)** Whoever knowingly and willfully communicates, furnishes, transmits, or otherwise makes available to an unauthorized person, or publishes, or uses in any manner prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefit of any foreign government to the detriment of the United States any classified information—
(1) concerning the nature, preparation, or use of any code, cipher, or cryptographic system of the United States or any foreign government; or
(2) concerning the design, construction, use, maintenance, or repair of any device, apparatus, or appliance used or prepared or planned for use by the United States or any foreign government for cryptographic or communication intelligence purposes; or
(3) concerning the communication intelligence activities of the United States or any foreign government; or
(4) obtained by the processes of communication intelligence from the communications of any foreign government, knowing the same to have been obtained by such processes—
Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
**(b)** As used in subsection (a) of this section—The term “classified information” means information which, at the time of a violation of this section, is, for reasons of national security, specifically designated by a United States Government Agency for limited or restricted dissemination or distribution; The terms “code,” “cipher,” and “cryptographic system” include in their meanings, in addition to their usual meanings, any method of secret writing and any mechanical or electrical device or method used for the purpose of disguising or concealing the contents, significance, or meanings of communications; The term “foreign government” includes in its meaning any person or persons acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of any faction, party, department, agency, bureau, or military force of or within a foreign country, or for or on behalf of any government or any person or persons purporting to act as a government within a foreign country, whether or not such government is recognized by the United States; The term “communication intelligence” means all procedures and methods used in the interception of communications and the obtaining of information from such communications by other than the intended recipients; The term “unauthorized person” means any person who, or agency which, is not authorized to receive information of the categories set forth in subsection (a) of this section, by the President, or by the head of a department or agency of the United States Government which is expressly designated by the President to engage in communication intelligence activities for the United States.
**(c)** Nothing in this section shall prohibit the furnishing, upon lawful demand, of information to any regularly constituted committee of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United States of America, or joint committee thereof.
**(d)**
(1) Any person convicted of a violation of this section shall forfeit to the United States irrespective of any provision of State law—
(A) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation; and
(B) any of the person’s property used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such violation.
(2) The court, in imposing sentence on a defendant for a conviction of a violation of this section, shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States all property described in paragraph (1).
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), the provisions of subsections (b), (c), and (e) through (p) of section 413 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 ([21 U.S.C. 853(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section853/b&num=0&edition=prelim), (c), and (e)–(p)), shall apply to—
(A) property subject to forfeiture under this subsection;
(B) any seizure or disposition of such property; and
(C) any administrative or judicial proceeding in relation to such property,
if not inconsistent with this subsection.
(4) Notwithstanding [section 524(c) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section524/c&num=0&edition=prelim), there shall be deposited in the Crime Victims Fund established under section 1402 of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 ([42 U.S.C. 10601](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section10601&num=0&edition=prelim)) 11 See References in Text note below. all amounts from the forfeiture of property under this subsection remaining after the payment of expenses for forfeiture and sale authorized by law.
(5) As used in this subsection, the term “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section 10601 was editorially reclassified as [section 20101 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section20101&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 10601
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There is created in the Treasury a separate account to be known as the Crime Victims Fund (hereinafter in this subchapter referred to as the “Fund”).
**(b) Fines deposited in Fund; penalties; forfeited appearance bonds** Except as limited by subsection (c), there shall be deposited in the Fund—
(1) all fines that are collected from persons convicted of offenses against the United States except—
(A) fines available for use by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to—
(i) section 11(d) of the Endangered Species Act ([16 U.S.C. 1540(d)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section1540/d&num=0&edition=prelim)); and
(ii) section 6(d) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 ([16 U.S.C. 3375(d)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section3375/d&num=0&edition=prelim)); and
(B) fines to be paid into—
(i) the railroad unemployment insurance account pursuant to the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act ([45 U.S.C. 351](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section351&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(ii) the Postal Service Fund pursuant to sections 2601(a)(2) and 2003 of title 39 and for the purposes set forth in [section 404(a)(7) of title 39](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title39-section404/a/7&num=0&edition=prelim);
(iii) the navigable waters revolving fund pursuant to section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ([33 U.S.C. 1321](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title33-section1321&num=0&edition=prelim)); and
(iv) county public school funds pursuant to [section 3613 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3613&num
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 34 U.S.C. § 20101
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever, with intent or reason to believe that it is to be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of a foreign nation, communicates, delivers, or transmits, or attempts to communicate, deliver, or transmit, to any foreign government, or to any faction or party or military or naval force within a foreign country, whether recognized or unrecognized by the United States, or to any representative, officer, agent, employee, subject, or citizen thereof, either directly or indirectly, any document, writing, code book, signal book, sketch, photograph, photographic negative, blueprint, plan, map, model, note, instrument, appliance, or information relating to the national defense, shall be punished by death or by imprisonment for any term of years or for life, except that the sentence of death shall not be imposed unless the jury or, if there is no jury, the court, further finds that the offense resulted in the identification by a foreign power (as defined in section 101(a) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978) of an individual acting as an agent of the United States and consequently in the death of that individual, or directly concerned nuclear weaponry, military spacecraft or satellites, early warning systems, or other means of defense or retaliation against large-scale attack; war plans; communications intelligence or cryptographic information; or any other major weapons system or major element of defense strategy.
**(b)** Whoever, in time of war, with intent that the same shall be communicated to the enemy, collects, records, publishes, or communicates, or attempts to elicit any information with respect to the movement, numbers, description, condition, or disposition of any of the Armed Forces, ships, aircraft, or war materials of
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 794
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The provisions of [section 794 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section794&num=0&edition=prelim), as amended and extended by section 1(a)(29) of the Emergency Powers Continuation Act (66 Stat. 333), as further amended by Public Law 12, Eighty-third Congress, in addition to coming into full force and effect in time of war shall remain in full force and effect until six months after the termination of the national emergency proclaimed by the President on December 16, 1950 (Proc. 2912, 3 C.F.R., 1950 Supp., p. 71), or such earlier date as may be prescribed by concurrent resolution of the Congress, and acts which would give rise to legal consequences and penalties under section 794 when performed during a state of war shall give rise to the same legal consequences and penalties when they are performed during the period above provided for.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 798A
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this section:
(1) **Intelligence committees.—** — The term “intelligence committees” means the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.
(2) **Urgent concern.—** — The term “urgent concern” means any of the following:
(A) A serious or flagrant problem, abuse, violation of law or Executive order, or deficiency relating to the funding, administration, or operations of an intelligence activity involving classified information, but does not include differences of opinions concerning public policy matters.
(B) A false statement to Congress, or a willful withholding from Congress, on an issue of material fact relating to the funding, administration, or operation of an intelligence activity.
(C) An action, including a personnel action described in [section 2302(a)(2)(A) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section2302/a/2/A&num=0&edition=prelim) constituting reprisal or threat of reprisal prohibited under [section 407(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section407/c&num=0&edition=prelim) in response to an employee’s reporting an urgent concern in accordance with this section.
(3) **Employee.—** — The term “employee” includes a former employee or former contractor, if the complaint or information reported pursuant to this section arises from or relates to the period during which the former employee or former contractor was an employee or contractor, as the case may be.
(4) **Intelligence community.—** — The term “intelligence community” has the meaning given such term in section 3 of the National Security Act of 1947 ([50 U.S.C. 3003](https://uscode.house.gov
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 416
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Office of Inspector General of the Intelligence Community** There is within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence an Office of the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community.
**(b) Purpose** The purpose of the Office of the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community is—
(1) to create an objective and effective office, appropriately accountable to Congress, to initiate and conduct independent investigations, inspections, audits, and reviews on programs and activities within the responsibility and authority of the Director of National Intelligence;
(2) to provide leadership and coordination and recommend policies for activities designed—
(A) to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the administration and implementation of such programs and activities; and
(B) to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in such programs and activities;
(3) to provide a means for keeping the Director of National Intelligence fully and currently informed about—
(A) problems and deficiencies relating to the administration of programs and activities within the responsibility and authority of the Director of National Intelligence; and
(B) the necessity for, and the progress of, corrective actions; and
(4) in the manner prescribed by this section, to ensure that the congressional intelligence committees are kept similarly informed of—
(A) significant problems and deficiencies relating to programs and activities within the responsibility and authority of the Director of National Intelligence; and
(B) the necessity for, and the progress of, corrective actions.
**(c) Inspector General of the Intelligence Community**
(1) There is an Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, who shall be the head of the Office of the Inspector Genera
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 3035
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Mechanism for authorized reporting**
(1) **Establishment** — The Secretary of Defense, acting through the head of the Office and in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence, shall establish a secure mechanism for authorized reporting of—
(A) any event relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena; and
(B) any activity or program by a department or agency of the Federal Government or a contractor of such a department or agency relating to unidentified anomalous phenomena, including with respect to material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research and development, detection and tracking, developmental or operational testing, and security protections and enforcement.
(2) **Protection of systems, programs, and activity** — The Secretary shall ensure that the mechanism for authorized reporting established under paragraph (1) prevents the unauthorized public reporting or compromise of classified military and intelligence systems, programs, and related activity, including all categories and levels of special access and compartmented access programs.
(3) **Administration** — The Secretary shall ensure that the mechanism for authorized reporting established under paragraph (1) is administered by designated and appropriately cleared employees of the Department of Defense or elements of the intelligence community or contractors of the Department or such elements assigned to the Office.
(4) **Sharing of information**
(A) *Prompt sharing within Office* — The Secretary shall ensure that the mechanism for authorized reporting established under paragraph (1) provides for the sharing of an authorized disclosure to personnel and supporting analysts and scientists of the Office (regardless of the classification of information contained i
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 3373b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Purpose; establishment** In order to—
(1) create an objective and effective office, appropriately accountable to Congress, to initiate and conduct independently inspections, investigations, and audits relating to programs and operations of the Agency;
(2) provide leadership and recommend policies designed to promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the administration of such programs and operations, and detect fraud and abuse in such programs and operations;
(3) provide a means for keeping the Director fully and currently informed about problems and deficiencies relating to the administration of such programs and operations, and the necessity for and the progress of corrective actions; and
(4) in the manner prescribed by this section, ensure that the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (hereafter in this section referred to collectively as the “intelligence committees”) are kept similarly informed of significant problems and deficiencies as well as the necessity for and the progress of corrective actions,
there is hereby established in the Agency an Office of Inspector General (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Office”).
**(b) Appointment; supervision; removal**
(1) There shall be at the head of the Office an Inspector General who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. This appointment shall be made without regard to political affiliation and shall be on the basis of integrity and demonstrated ability in accounting, auditing, financial analysis, law, management analysis, public administration, or investigation. Such appointment shall also be made on the basis of compliance with the security standards of the Agency and prior experi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 3517
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section 46, act May 13, 1950, ch. 185, § 2, 64 Stat. 159, related to unlawful disclosure of classified information. See [section 798 of Title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section798&num=0&edition=prelim), Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Section 46a, act May 13, 1950, ch. 185, § 1, 64 Stat. 159, defined terms for use in this chapter.
Section 46b, act May 13, 1950, ch. 185, § 3, 64 Stat. 160, related to penalties for improper disclosure.
#### Savings Provision
Section 56(l) of act Oct. 31, 1951, provided that the repeal of sections 46 to 46b shall not affect any rights or liabilities existing hereunder on Oct. 31, 1951.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 46 to 46b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 188
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 796
the Secretary of the Air Force as ‘‘top secret’’, ‘‘se-
cret’’, ‘‘confidential’’, or ‘‘restricted’’, and all such arti-
cles, materials, or equipment which may hereafter be
so classified, designated, or marked with the approval
or at the direction of the President.
3. All official military, naval, or air-force books,
pamphlets, documents, reports, maps, charts, plans, de-
signs, models, drawings, photographs, contracts, or
specifications which are now marked under the author-
ity or at the direction of the President, the Secretary
of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of
the Navy, or the Secretary of the Air Force as ‘‘top se-
cret’’, ‘‘secret’’, ‘‘confidential’’, or ‘‘restricted’’, and all
such articles or equipment which may hereafter be so
marked with the approval or at the direction of the
President.
This order supersedes Executive Order No. 8381 of
March 22, 1940 entitled ‘‘Defining Certain Vital Military
and Naval Installations and Equipment’’[.]
HARRY S. TRUMAN.
§ 796. Use of aircraft for photographing defense
installations
Whoever uses or permits the use of an aircraft
or any contrivance used, or designed for naviga-
tion or flight in the air, for the purpose of mak-
ing a photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map,
or graphical representation of vital military or
naval installations or equipment, in violation of
section 795 of this title, shall be fined under this
title or imprisoned not more than one year, or
both.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 738; Pub. L.
103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994,
108 Stat. 2147.)
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on sections 45, 45a, and 45c of title 50, U.S.C.,
1940 ed., War and National Defense (Jan. 12, 1938
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 18 U.S.C. § 798
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.