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11 U.S.C. § 525 — Protection against discriminatory treatment
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Except as provided in the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930, the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, and section 1 of the Act entitled “An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1944, and for other purposes,” approved July 12, 1943, a governmental unit may not deny, revoke, suspend, or refuse to renew a license, permit, charter, franchise, or other similar grant to, condition such a grant to, discriminate with respect to such a grant against, deny employment to, terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, a person that is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or a debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, or another person with whom such bankrupt or debtor has been associated, solely because such bankrupt or debtor is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, has been insolvent before the commencement of the case under this title, or during the case but before the debtor is granted or denied a discharge, or has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in the case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.
**(b)** No private employer may terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, an individual who is or has been a debtor under this title, a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act, or an individual associated with such debtor or bankrupt, solely because such debtor or bankrupt—
(1) is or has been a debtor under this title or a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act;
(2) has been insolvent before the commencement of a case under this title or during the case but before the grant or denial of a discharge; or
(3) has not paid a debt that is disc
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Source location: Title 11, Chapter 5, § 525; chapter-005-creditors-the-debtor-and-the-estate.md
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**(a)** Except as provided in the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930, the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, and section 1 of the Act entitled “An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1944, and for other purposes,” approved July 12, 1943, a governmental unit may not deny, revoke, suspend, or refuse to renew a license, permit, charter, franchise, or other similar grant to, condition such a grant to, discriminate with respect to such a grant against, deny employment to, terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, a person that is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or a debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, or another person with whom such bankrupt or debtor has been associated, solely because such bankrupt or debtor is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, has been insolvent before the commencement of the case under this title, or during the case but before the debtor is granted or denied a discharge, or has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in the case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.
**(b)** No private employer may terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, an individual who is or has been a debtor under this title, a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act, or an individual associated with such debtor or bankrupt, solely because such debtor or bankrupt—
(1) is or has been a debtor under this title or a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act;
(2) has been insolvent before the commencement of a case under this title or during the case but before the grant or denial of a discharge; or
(3) has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in a case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.
**(c)**
(1) A governmental unit that operates a student grant or loan program and a person engaged in a business that includes the making of loans guaranteed or insured under a student loan program may not deny a student grant, loan, loan guarantee, or loan insurance to a person that is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, or another person with whom the debtor or bankrupt has been associated, because the debtor or bankrupt is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, has been insolvent before the commencement of a case under this title or during the pendency of the case but before the debtor is granted or denied a discharge, or has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in the case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.
(2) In this section, “student loan program” means any program operated under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 or a similar program operated under State or local law.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **COVID–19 emergency** — The term “COVID–19 emergency” means the national emergency concerning the novel coronavirus disease (COVID–19) outbreak declared by the President on March 13, 2020 under the National Emergencies Act ([50 U.S.C. 1601](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1601&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
(2) **Federally backed mortgage loan** — The term “Federally backed mortgage loan” includes any loan which is secured by a first or subordinate lien on residential real property (including individual units of condominiums and cooperatives) designed principally for the occupancy of from 1- to 4- families that is—
(A) insured by the Federal Housing Administration under title II of the National Housing Act ([12 U.S.C. 1707](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section1707&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(B) insured under section 255 of the National Housing Act ([12 U.S.C. 1715z–20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section1715z–20&num=0&edition=prelim));
(C) guaranteed under section 1715z–13a or 1715z–13b of title 12;
(D) guaranteed or insured by the Department of Veterans Affairs;
(E) guaranteed or insured by the Department of Agriculture;
(F) made by the Department of Agriculture; or
(G) purchased or securitized by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or the Federal National Mortgage Association.
**(b) Forbearance**
(1) **In general** — During the covered period, a borrower with a Federally backed mortgage loan experiencing a financial hardship due, directly or indirectly, to the COVID–19 emergency may request forbearance on the Federally backed mortgage loan, regardless of delinquency
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Institution of higher education** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” means an educational institution in any State that—
(1) admits as regular students only persons having a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, or the recognized equivalent of such a certificate, or persons who meet the requirements of [section 1091(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1091/d&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) is legally authorized within such State to provide a program of education beyond secondary education;
(3) provides an educational program for which the institution awards a bachelor’s degree or provides not less than a 2-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward such a degree, or awards a degree that is acceptable for admission to a graduate or professional degree program, subject to review and approval by the Secretary;
(4) is a public or other nonprofit institution; and
(5) is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, or if not so accredited, is an institution that has been granted preaccreditation status by such an agency or association that has been recognized by the Secretary for the granting of preaccreditation status, and the Secretary has determined that there is satisfactory assurance that the institution will meet the accreditation standards of such an agency or association within a reasonable time.
**(b) Additional institutions included** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” also includes—
(1) any school that provides not less than a 1-year program of training to prepare students for gainful employment in a re
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this title the following definitions shall apply:
(1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized.
(2) The term “affiliate” means—
(A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or
(D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement.
(3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
This chapter may be cited as the “Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921.”
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
On and after July 12, 1943, the Secretary may require reasonable bonds from every market agency (as defined in this subchapter), every packer (as defined in subchapter II of this chapter) in connection with its livestock purchasing operations (except that those packers whose average annual purchases do not exceed $500,000 will be exempt from the provisions of this paragraph), and every other person operating as a dealer (as defined in this subchapter) under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, to secure the performance of their obligations, and whenever, after due notice and hearing, the Secretary finds any registrant is insolvent or has violated any provisions of this chapter he may issue an order suspending such registrant for a reasonable specified period. Such order of suspension shall take effect within not less than five days, unless suspended or modified or set aside by the Secretary or a court of competent jurisdiction. If the Secretary finds any packer is insolvent, he may after notice and hearing issue an order under the provisions of [section 193 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section193&num=0&edition=prelim) requiring such packer to cease and desist from purchasing livestock while insolvent, or while insolvent purchasing livestock except under such conditions as the Secretary may prescribe to effectuate the purposes of this chapter.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 156
TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY
§ 525
ductory provisions, struck out ‘‘and’’ at end of subpar.
(A), inserted ‘‘such agreement’’ in subpars. (A) and (B),
and added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 103–394, § 501(d)(14)(B), sub-
stituted ‘‘rescission’’ for ‘‘recission’’.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–394, § 103(b), inserted ‘‘and was
not represented by an attorney during the course of ne-
gotiating such agreement’’ after ‘‘this section’’ in in-
troductory provisions.
Subsec. (d)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–394, § 501(d)(14)(C), in-
serted ‘‘and’’ at end.
Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 103–394, § 111(a), added sub-
secs. (g) and (h).
1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–554, § 257(o)(1), inserted
reference to section 1228 of this title.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 99–554, § 257(o)(2), which di-
rected the substitution of ‘‘, 1228(a)(1), or 1328(a)(1)’’ for
‘‘or 1328(a)(1)’’ was executed by making the substi-
tution for ‘‘or 1328(c)(1)’’ to reflect the probable intent
of Congress. See 1994 Amendment note above.
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 99–554, § 257(o)(1), inserted ref-
erence to section 1228 of this title.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–554, § 257(o)(1), inserted ref-
erence to section 1228 of this title.
Pub. L. 99–554, § 282, substituted ‘‘shall’’ for ‘‘may’’ be-
fore ‘‘hold’’ in first sentence, inserted ‘‘any’’ after ‘‘At’’
in second sentence, and inserted ‘‘the court shall hold
a hearing at which the debtor shall appear in person
and’’ after ‘‘then’’ in third sentence.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 99–554, § 283(k), substituted
‘‘section’’ for ‘‘subsection’’ after ‘‘subsection (c)(6) of
this’’.
1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–353, §§ 308(a), 455,
struck out ‘‘or from property of the debtor,’’ before
‘‘whether or not discharge’’, and substituted ‘‘an act’’
for ‘‘any act’’.
Subsec
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