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18 U.S.C. § 2520 — Recovery of civil damages authorized

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2520 — Recovery of civil damages authorized

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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-2520-recovery-of-civil-damages-authorized--7ca2706efd.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 119, § 2520; chapter-119-wire-and-electronic-communications-interception-and-interception-of-oral-communications.md

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**(a) In General.—** Except as provided in section 2511(2)(a)(ii), any person whose wire, oral, or electronic communication is intercepted, disclosed, or intentionally used in violation of this chapter may in a civil action recover from the person or entity, other than the United States, which engaged in that violation such relief as may be appropriate. **(b) Relief.—** In an action under this section, appropriate relief includes— (1) such preliminary and other equitable or declaratory relief as may be appropriate; (2) damages under subsection (c) and punitive damages in appropriate cases; and (3) a reasonable attorney’s fee and other litigation costs reasonably incurred. **(c) Computation of Damages.—** (1) In an action under this section, if the conduct in violation of this chapter is the private viewing of a private satellite video communication that is not scrambled or encrypted or if the communication is a radio communication that is transmitted on frequencies allocated under subpart D of part 74 of the rules of the Federal Communications Commission that is not scrambled or encrypted and the conduct is not for a tortious or illegal purpose or for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage or private commercial gain, then the court shall assess damages as follows: (A) If the person who engaged in that conduct has not previously been enjoined under section 2511(5) and has not been found liable in a prior civil action under this section, the court shall assess the greater of the sum of actual damages suffered by the plaintiff, or statutory damages of not less than $50 and not more than $500. (B) If, on one prior occasion, the person who engaged in that conduct has been enjoined under section 2511(5) or has been found liable in a civil action under this section, the court shall assess the greater of the sum of actual damages suffered by the plaintiff, or statutory damages of not less than $100 and not more than $1000. (2) In any other action under this section, the court may assess as damages whichever is the greater of— (A) the sum of the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff and any profits made by the violator as a result of the violation; or (B) statutory damages of whichever is the greater of $100 a day for each day of violation or $10,000. **(d) Defense.—** A good faith reliance on— (1) a court warrant or order, a grand jury subpoena, a legislative authorization, or a statutory authorization; (2) a request of an investigative or law enforcement officer under [section 2518(7) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2518/7&num=0&edition=prelim); or (3) a good faith determination that section 2511(3), 2511(2)(i), or 2511(2)(j) of this title permitted the conduct complained of; is a complete defense against any civil or criminal action brought under this chapter or any other law. **(e) Limitation.—** A civil action under this section may not be commenced later than two years after the date upon which the claimant first has a reasonable opportunity to discover the violation. **(f) Administrative Discipline.—** If a court or appropriate department or agency determines that the United States or any of its departments or agencies has violated any provision of this chapter, and the court or appropriate department or agency finds that the circumstances surrounding the violation raise serious questions about whether or not an officer or employee of the United States acted willfully or intentionally with respect to the violation, the department or agency shall, upon receipt of a true and correct copy of the decision and findings of the court or appropriate department or agency promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action against the officer or employee is warranted. If the head of the department or agency involved determines that disciplinary action is not warranted, he or she shall notify the Inspector General with jurisdiction over the department or agency concerned and shall provide the Inspector General with the reasons for such determination. **(g) Improper Disclosure Is Violation.—** Any willful disclosure or use by an investigative or law enforcement officer or governmental entity of information beyond the extent permitted by section 2517 is a violation of this chapter for purposes of section 2520(a).

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 1 — Repealed. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 218(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2027]

### Statutory Notes Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense. #### Effective Date of Repeal Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim). #### Short Title of 2026 Amendment Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.” #### Short Title of 2024 Amendment Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.” Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 1

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 3512 — Foreign requests for assistance in criminal investigations and prosecutions

**(a) Execution of Request for Assistance.—** (1) **In general.—** — Upon application, duly authorized by an appropriate official of the Department of Justice, of an attorney for the Government, a Federal judge may issue such orders as may be necessary to execute a request from a foreign authority for assistance in the investigation or prosecution of criminal offenses, or in proceedings related to the prosecution of criminal offenses, including proceedings regarding forfeiture, sentencing, and restitution. (2) **Scope of orders.—** — Any order issued by a Federal judge pursuant to paragraph (1) may include the issuance of— (A) a search warrant, as provided under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; (B) a warrant or order for contents of stored wire or electronic communications or for records related thereto, as provided under [section 2703 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2703&num=0&edition=prelim); (C) an order for a pen register or trap and trace device as provided under [section 3123 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3123&num=0&edition=prelim); or (D) an order requiring the appearance of a person for the purpose of providing testimony or a statement, or requiring the production of documents or other things, or both. **(b) Appointment of Persons To Take Testimony or Statements.—** (1) **In general.—** — In response to an application for execution of a request from a foreign authority as described under subsection (a), a Federal judge may also issue an order appointing a person to direct the taking of testimony or statements or of the production of documents or other things, or both. (2) **Authority of appointed person.—** —

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3512

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

6 U.S.C. § 101 — Cyber incident review

**(a) Activities** The Center shall— (1) receive, aggregate, analyze, and secure, using processes consistent with the processes developed pursuant to the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 ([6 U.S.C. 1501](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title6-section1501&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) reports from covered entities related to a covered cyber incident to assess the effectiveness of security controls, identify tactics, techniques, and procedures adversaries use to overcome those controls and other cybersecurity purposes, including to assess potential impact of cyber incidents on public health and safety and to enhance situational awareness of cyber threats across critical infrastructure sectors; (2) coordinate and share information with appropriate Federal departments and agencies to identify and track ransom payments, including those utilizing virtual currencies; (3) leverage information gathered about cyber incidents to— (A) enhance the quality and effectiveness of information sharing and coordination efforts with appropriate entities, including agencies, sector coordinating councils, Information Sharing and Analysis Organizations, State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments, technology providers, critical infrastructure owners and operators, cybersecurity and cyber incident response firms, and security researchers; and (B) provide appropriate entities, including sector coordinating councils, Information Sharing and Analysis Organizations, State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments, technology providers, cybersecurity and cyber incident response firms, and security researchers, with timely, actionable, and anonymized reports of cyber incident campaigns and trends, including, to the maximum extent practicable

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2510 — Definitions

As used in this chapter— (1) “wire communication” means any aural transfer made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications affecting interstate or foreign commerce; (2) “oral communication” means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation, but such term does not include any electronic communication; (3) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States; (4) “intercept” means the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.11 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon. (5) “electronic, mechanical, or other device” means any device or apparatus which can be used to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication other than— (a) any telephone or telegraph instrument, equipment or facility, or any component thereof, (i) furnished to the subscriber or user by a provider of wire or electronic communication service in the ordinary course of its business and being used by the subscriber or user in the ordinary course of its business or furnished by such subscriber or user for connection to the facilities of such service and used in the ordina

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2510

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

28 U.S.C. § 1782 — Assistance to foreign and international tribunals and to litigants before such tribunals

**(a)** The district court of the district in which a person resides or is found may order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted before formal accusation. The order may be made pursuant to a letter rogatory issued, or request made, by a foreign or international tribunal or upon the application of any interested person and may direct that the testimony or statement be given, or the document or other thing be produced, before a person appointed by the court. By virtue of his appointment, the person appointed has power to administer any necessary oath and take the testimony or statement. The order may prescribe the practice and procedure, which may be in whole or part the practice and procedure of the foreign country or the international tribunal, for taking the testimony or statement or producing the document or other thing. To the extent that the order does not prescribe otherwise, the testimony or statement shall be taken, and the document or other thing produced, in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.A person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable privilege. **(b)** This chapter does not preclude a person within the United States from voluntarily giving his testimony or statement, or producing a document or other thing, for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal before any person and in any manner acceptable to him.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 1782

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2511 — Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited

(1) Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter any person who— (a) intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any wire, oral, or electronic communication; (b) intentionally uses, endeavors to use, or procures any other person to use or endeavor to use any electronic, mechanical, or other device to intercept any oral communication when—(i) such device is affixed to, or otherwise transmits a signal through, a wire, cable, or other like connection used in wire communication; or (ii) such device transmits communications by radio, or interferes with the transmission of such communication; or (iii) such person knows, or has reason to know, that such device or any component thereof has been sent through the mail or transported in interstate or foreign commerce; or (iv) such use or endeavor to use (A) takes place on the premises of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (B) obtains or is for the purpose of obtaining information relating to the operations of any business or other commercial establishment the operations of which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or (v) such person acts in the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States; (c) intentionally discloses, or endeavors to disclose, to any other person the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception of a wire, oral, or electronic communication in violation of this subsection; (d) intentionally uses, or endeavors to use, the contents of any wire, oral, or electronic communication, knowing or

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2511

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2520 — Recovery of civil damages authorized

Page 650 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 2520 formation with respect to those orders described in that annual report that were applied for by law en- forcement agencies of the Department of Justice and whose implementation involved the use of the DCS 1000 program (or any subsequent version of such program)— ‘‘(1) the kind of order or extension applied for (in- cluding whether or not the order was an order with respect to which the requirements of sections 2518(1)(b)(ii) and 2518(3)(d) of title 18, United States Code, did not apply by reason of section 2518 (11) of title 18); ‘‘(2) the period of interceptions authorized by the order, and the number and duration of any extensions of the order; ‘‘(3) the offense specified in the order or applica- tion, or extension of an order; ‘‘(4) the identity of the applying investigative or law enforcement officer and agency making the appli- cation and the person authorizing the application; ‘‘(5) the nature of the facilities from which or place where communications were to be intercepted; ‘‘(6) a general description of the interceptions made under such order or extension, including— ‘‘(A) the approximate nature and frequency of in- criminating communications intercepted; ‘‘(B) the approximate nature and frequency of other communications intercepted; ‘‘(C) the approximate number of persons whose communications were intercepted; ‘‘(D) the number of orders in which encryption was encountered and whether such encryption pre- vented law enforcement from obtaining the plain text of communications intercepted pursuant to such order; and ‘‘(E) the approximate nature, amount, and cost of the manpower and other resources used in the interceptions; ‘‘(7) the number of arrests resulting from intercep- tions

Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 18 U.S.C. § 2520

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