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10 U.S.C. § 130i — Protection of certain facilities and assets from unmanned aircraft
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Authority.—** Notwithstanding [section 46502 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section46502&num=0&edition=prelim), or section 32, 1030, or 1367 or chapter 119 or 206 of title 18, the Secretary of Defense may take, and may authorize members of the armed forces and officers, civilian employees, and contractors of the Department of Defense with assigned duties that include safety, security, or protection of personnel, facilities, or assets, to take, such actions described in subsection (b)(1) that are necessary to mitigate the threat (as defined by the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation) that an unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft poses to the safety or security of a covered facility or asset.
**(b) Actions Described.—**
(1) The actions described in this paragraph are the following:
(A) Detect, identify, monitor, and track the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, without prior consent, including by means of intercept or other access of a wire communication, an oral communication, or an electronic communication used to control the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(B) Warn the operator of the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, including by passive or active, and direct or indirect physical, electronic, radio, and electromagnetic means, including through the use of remote identification broadcast or other means.
(C) Disrupt control of the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, without prior consent, including by disabling the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft by intercepting, interfering, or causing interference with wire, oral, electronic, or radio communications used to control the unmanned aircraft system
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Source location: Title 10, Chapter 3, § 130i; chapter-003-general-powers-and-functions.md
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**(a) Authority.—** Notwithstanding [section 46502 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section46502&num=0&edition=prelim), or section 32, 1030, or 1367 or chapter 119 or 206 of title 18, the Secretary of Defense may take, and may authorize members of the armed forces and officers, civilian employees, and contractors of the Department of Defense with assigned duties that include safety, security, or protection of personnel, facilities, or assets, to take, such actions described in subsection (b)(1) that are necessary to mitigate the threat (as defined by the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation) that an unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft poses to the safety or security of a covered facility or asset.
**(b) Actions Described.—**
(1) The actions described in this paragraph are the following:
(A) Detect, identify, monitor, and track the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, without prior consent, including by means of intercept or other access of a wire communication, an oral communication, or an electronic communication used to control the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(B) Warn the operator of the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, including by passive or active, and direct or indirect physical, electronic, radio, and electromagnetic means, including through the use of remote identification broadcast or other means.
(C) Disrupt control of the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft, without prior consent, including by disabling the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft by intercepting, interfering, or causing interference with wire, oral, electronic, or radio communications used to control the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(D) Seize or exercise control of the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(E) Seize or otherwise confiscate the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(F) Use reasonable force to disable, damage, or destroy the unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft.
(2) The Secretary of Defense shall develop the actions described in paragraph (1) in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation.
**(c) Forfeiture.—**
(1) Any unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft described in subsection (a) that is seized by the Secretary of Defense is subject to forfeiture to the United States.
(2) Any forfeiture conducted under paragraph (1) shall be made subject to the requirements for civil, criminal, or administrative forfeiture.
**(d) Regulations and Guidance.—**
(1) The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe regulations and shall issue guidance in the respective areas of each Secretary to carry out this section.
(2)
(A) The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation shall coordinate in the development of guidance under paragraph (1).
(B) The Secretary of Defense shall coordinate with the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration before issuing any guidance or otherwise implementing this section if such guidance or implementation might affect aviation safety, civilian aviation and aerospace operations, aircraft airworthiness, or the use of airspace.
(C) If the Secretary of Transportation notifies the Secretary of Defense that the manner of implementation of this section by the Department of Defense would result in an adverse impact to civil aviation safety, the Secretary of Defense shall consult with the Secretary of Transportation to mitigate adverse impacts.
(3) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the regulations prescribed or guidance issued under paragraph (1) require that, when taking an action described in subsection (b)(1), all due consideration is given to—
(A) mitigating impacts on privacy and civil liberties under the first and fourth amendments to the Constitution of the United States;
(B) mitigating damage to, or loss of, real and personal property;
(C) mitigating any risk of personal injury or death; and
(D) when practicable, obtaining the identification of, or issuing a warning to, the operator of an unmanned aircraft system or unmanned aircraft prior to taking action under subparagraphs (C) through (F) of subsection (b)(1), unless doing so would—
(i) endanger the safety of members of the armed forces or civilians;
(ii) create a flight risk or result in the destruction of evidence; or
(iii) seriously jeopardize an investigation, criminal proceeding, or legal proceeding pursuant to subsection (c).
**(e) Privacy Protection.—** The regulations prescribed or guidance issued under subsection (d) shall ensure that—
(1) the interception, acquisition, maintenance, or use of, or access to, communications to or from an unmanned aircraft system under this section is conducted in a manner consistent with the first and fourth amendments to the Constitution and applicable provisions of Federal law;
(2) communications to or from an unmanned aircraft system are intercepted, acquired, or accessed only to the extent necessary to support an action described in subsection (b)(1);
(3) records of such communications are maintained only for as long as necessary, and in no event maintained for more than 180 days unless the Secretary of Defense determines that maintenance of such records—
(A) is necessary to investigate or prosecute a violation of law or to directly support an ongoing security operation; or
(B) is required under Federal law or for the purpose of any litigation; and
(4) such communications are not disclosed outside the Department of Defense unless the disclosure—
(A) is necessary to support an ongoing action described in subsection (b)(1);
(B) would support a civilian law enforcement agency or the enforcement activities of a regulatory agency of the Federal Government in connection with a criminal or civil investigation of, or any regulatory action with regard to, an action described in subsection (b)(1);
(C) is necessary to support the counter-unmanned aircraft systems activities of another Federal agency with authority to mitigate the threat of unmanned aircraft systems or unmanned aircraft in mitigating such threats; or
(D) is otherwise required by law or regulation.
**(f) Claims.—** Claims for loss of property, injury, or death pursuant to actions under subsection (b) may be made consistent with chapter 171 of title 28, and chapter 163 of this title, as applicable.
**(g) Budget.—** The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress, as a part of the defense budget materials for each fiscal year after fiscal year 2018, a consolidated funding display that identifies the funding source for the actions described in subsection (b)(1) within the Department of Defense. The funding display shall be in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.
**(h) Semiannual Reports.—**
(1) On a semiannual basis during the five-year period beginning March 1, 2026, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and publish on a publicly available website a report summarizing all detection and mitigation activities conducted under this section during the previous year to counter unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall include—
(A) policies, programs, and procedures to mitigate or eliminate impacts of such activities to the National Airspace System;
(B) a description of instances where actions described in subsection (b)(1) have been taken;
(C) how the Secretaries have informed the public as to the possible use of authorities under this section; and
(D) how the Secretaries have engaged with Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies to implement and use such authorities.
(3) Each briefing under paragraph (1) shall be in unclassified form, and shall be accompanied by an additional classified briefing.
**(i) Briefing, Report, and Publication.—**
(1) Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, and annually thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and publish on a publicly available website a report summarizing all detection and mitigation activities conducted under this section during the previous year to counter unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall include—
(A) information on any violation of, or failure to comply with, the privacy and civil liberties protections referenced in this section by personnel authorized to conduct detection and mitigation activities, including a description of any such violation or failure;
(B) data on the number of detection activities conducted, the number of mitigation activities conducted, and the number of instances of communications interception from an unmanned aircraft system;
(C) whether any unmanned aircraft that experienced mitigation was engaged in or attempting to engage in activities protected under the first amendment to the Constitution if such intent is readily and reasonably ascertainable;
(D) whether any unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system was properly or improperly seized, disabled, damaged, or destroyed and an identification of any methods used to seize, disable, damage, or destroy such aircraft or system; and
(E) a description of the efforts of the Federal Government to protect privacy and civil liberties when carrying out detection and mitigation activities under this section to counter unmanned aircraft systems.
(3) Each report required under paragraph (1) shall be submitted and published in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
**(j) Rule of Construction.—** Nothing in this section may be construed to—
(1) vest in the Secretary of Defense any authority of the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under title 49; and
(2) vest in the Secretary of Transportation or the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration any authority of the Secretary of Defense under this title.
**(k) Interagency Executive Committees on Execution of Department of Defense Counter Unmanned Aviation Authority.—**
(1) The Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall jointly establish by memorandum of understanding an interagency executive committee (referred to in this subsection as the “executive committee”), for the purpose of exchanging views, information, and advice relating to the execution of this section.
(2) The memorandum of understanding entered into under paragraph (1) shall include—
(A) a description of the officials and other individuals to be invited to participate as members in the executive committee;
(B) a procedure for creating a forum to carry out the purpose described in paragraph (1);
(C) a procedure for rotating the Chairperson and meeting location of the executive committee; and
(D) a procedure for scheduling regular meetings of the executive committee no fewer than three times each calendar year.
**(l) Additional Annual Report.—** Not later than April 1 of each year this section is in force, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate a report containing—
(1) a summary of the use of activities described in subsection (b);
(2) an identification of additional missions of the Department of Defense for which the actions described in subsection (b)(1) are appropriate, as identified by the Secretary and including the specific list of facilities, installations, or assets, if any, that would be included if protections described in subsection (b)(1) were extended to facilities associated with the missions in such report;
(3) an updated copy of the memorandum of understanding required by subsection (k);
(4) a summary of actions taken by the interagency executive committee required by subsection (k);
(5) a summary of recommendations produced by each member of the interagency executive committee required by subsection (k), disaggregated by department or agency; and
(6) a summary of actions taken as a result of meetings or decisions taken by the interagency executive committee required by subsection (k) to change procedures, regulations, guidelines, or other governing instruction of the Department of Defense relating to the use of authority provided by this section.
**(m) Definitions.—** In this section:
(1) The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the congressional defense committees;
(B) the Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and
(C) the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.
(2) The term “budget”, with respect to a fiscal year, means the budget for that fiscal year that is submitted to Congress by the President under [section 1105(a) of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section1105/a&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) The term “contractor” means a person who—
(A) performs functions that support or carry out actions authorized in this section pursuant to a contract or subcontract entered into with an entity of the Department of Defense; and
(B) has completed training for the counter-unmanned aircraft system the person will use in performance of such functions, as certified by the Secretary of Defense.
(4) The term “covered facility or asset—” 11 So in original.
(A) means any facility or asset that—
(i) is identified by the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation with respect to potentially impacted airspace, through a risk-based assessment for purposes of this section;
(ii) is located in the United States (including the territories and possessions of the United States); and
(iii) directly relates to the missions of the Department of Defense pertaining to—
(I) nuclear deterrence, including with respect to nuclear command and control, integrated tactical warning and attack assessment, and continuity of government;
(II) missile defense;
(III) national security space;
(IV) assistance in protecting the President or the Vice President (or other officer immediately next in order of succession to the office of the President) pursuant to the Presidential Protection Assistance Act of 1976 ([18 U.S.C. 3056](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3056&num=0&edition=prelim) note);
(V) air defense of the United States, including air sovereignty, ground-based air defense, and the National Capital Region integrated air defense system;
(VI) combat support agencies (as defined in paragraphs (1) through (4) of [section 193(f) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section193/f&num=0&edition=prelim));
(VII) special operations activities specified in paragraphs (1) through (9) of [section 167(k) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section167/k&num=0&edition=prelim);
(VIII) production, storage, transportation, or decommissioning of high-yield explosive munitions, by the Department;
(IX) a Major Range and Test Facility Base (as defined in [section 4173 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section4173&num=0&edition=prelim));
(X) the physical security of other installations or property owned, leased, or operated by the Department of Defense to which the public is not permitted regular, unrestricted access, determined by the Secretary on a site by site basis to be critical to the national defense and certified as such to the Secretary of Transportation, the Attorney General, and the appropriate congressional committees; or
(XI) assistance to Federal, State, or local officials in responding to incidents involving nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical weapons, high-yield explosives, or related materials or technologies, as well as support pursuant to [section 282 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section282&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(B) includes any persons physically present at any such facility or asset.
(5) The term “defense budget materials”, with respect to a fiscal year, means the materials submitted to Congress by the Secretary of Defense in support of the budget for that fiscal year.
(6) The terms “electronic communication”, “intercept”, “oral communication”, and “wire communication” have the meanings given those terms in [section 2510 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2510&num=0&edition=prelim).
(7) The terms “unmanned aircraft” and “unmanned aircraft system” have the meanings given those terms in [section 44801 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section44801&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(n) Termination.—** The authority to carry out this section shall terminate on December 31, 2030.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Under the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security, the United States Secret Service is authorized to protect the following persons:
(1) The President, the Vice President (or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President), the President-elect, and the Vice President-elect.
(2) The immediate families of those individuals listed in paragraph (1).
(3) Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes, except that protection of a spouse shall terminate in the event of remarriage.
(4) Children of a former President who are under 16 years of age.
(5) Visiting heads of foreign states or foreign governments.
(6) Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad when the President directs that such protection be provided.
(7) Major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates and, within 120 days of the general Presidential election, the spouses of such candidates. As used in this paragraph, the term “major Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates” means those individuals identified as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security after consultation with an advisory committee consisting of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the minority leader of the House of Representatives, the majority and minority leaders of the Senate, and one additional member selected by the other members of the committee. The Committee shall not be subject to chapter 10 of title 5.
(8) Former Vice Presidents, their spouses, and their children who are under 16 years of age, for a period of not more than six months after the date the former Vice President leaves office. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to direct the Secr
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3056
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The Secretary of Defense, upon the request of the Attorney General, may provide assistance in support of Department of Justice activities relating to the enforcement of section 175, 229, or 2332a of title 18 during an emergency situation involving a weapon of mass destruction. Department of Defense resources, including personnel of the Department of Defense, may be used to provide such assistance if—
(1) the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General jointly determine that an emergency situation exists; and
(2) the Secretary of Defense determines that the provision of such assistance will not adversely affect the military preparedness of the United States.
**(b) Emergency Situations Covered.—** In this section, the term “emergency situation involving a weapon of mass destruction” means a circumstance involving a weapon of mass destruction—
(1) that poses a serious threat to the interests of the United States; and
(2) in which—
(A) civilian expertise and capabilities are not readily available to provide the required assistance to counter the threat immediately posed by the weapon involved;
(B) special capabilities and expertise of the Department of Defense are necessary and critical to counter the threat posed by the weapon involved; and
(C) enforcement of section 175, 229, or 2332a of title 18 would be seriously impaired if the Department of Defense assistance were not provided.
**(c) Forms of Assistance.—** The assistance referred to in subsection (a) includes the operation of equipment (including equipment made available under section 372 11 See References in Text note below. of this title) to monitor, contain, disable, or dispose of the weapon involved or elements of the weapon.
**(d) Regulations.—**
(1) The Secretary of Defen
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 282
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment.—** There is established in the Department of Defense a joint activity to be known as the “Joint Interagency Task Force 401” (referred to in this section as the “Task Force”).
**(b) Director.—**
(1) There is a Director of the Task Force (referred to in this section as the “Director”) who shall be appointed by the Secretary of Defense from among personnel of the Department of Defense who are—
(A) general or flag officers of the covered armed forces; or
(B) members of the Senior Executive Service.
(2) The Director shall report directly to the Deputy Secretary of Defense and shall serve as the principal advisor to the Deputy Secretary and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on counter-small unmanned aircraft system matters.
**(c) Organization.—** The Task Force shall—
(1) be designated as a jointly manned activity with full joint manning support from the covered armed forces as determined by the Director; and
(2) shall consist of such other subordinate organizational elements as the Director determines appropriate, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense with support from designated organizational elements within the Office of the Secretary of Defense as determined by the Director in coordination with the Secretary.
**(d) Responsibilities.—** The responsibilities of the Task Force shall include the following:
(1) Lead, advocate, coordinate, and focus all Department of Defense actions in support of efforts of the combatant commands and the covered armed forces to defeat small unmanned aircraft systems (referred to in this section as “sUAS”) as weapons of strategic influence.
(2) Integrate all counter-sUAS solutions throughout the Department of Defense, seeking interagency participation and assista
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 199
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Required Planning for Integration.—**
(1) **Comprehensive plan.—** — Not later than November 10, 2012,11 See Prior Provisions note below. the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with representatives of the aviation industry, Federal agencies that employ unmanned aircraft systems technology in the national airspace system, and the unmanned aircraft systems industry, shall develop a comprehensive plan to safely accelerate the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system.
(2) **Contents of plan.—** — The plan required under paragraph (1) shall contain, at a minimum, recommendations or projections on—
(A) the rulemaking to be conducted under subsection (b), with specific recommendations on how the rulemaking will—
(i) define the acceptable standards for operation and certification of civil unmanned aircraft systems;
(ii) ensure that any civil unmanned aircraft system includes a sense-and-avoid capability; and
(iii) establish standards and requirements for the operator and pilot of a civil unmanned aircraft system, including standards and requirements for registration and licensing;
(B) the best methods to enhance the technologies and subsystems necessary to achieve the safe and routine operation of civil unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system;
(C) a phased-in approach to the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system;
(D) a timeline for the phased-in approach described under subparagraph (C);
(E) creation of a safe airspace designation for cooperative manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;
(F) establishment of a process to develop certification, flight standards, and air traffic requirements for civil
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 44802
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Defense Acquisition System.—** In this part, the term “defense acquisition system” means—
(1) the workforce engaged in carrying out the acquisition of property and services for the Department of Defense;
(2) the management structure responsible for directing and overseeing the acquisition of property and services for the Department of Defense; and
(3) the statutory, regulatory, and policy framework that guides the acquisition of property and services for the Department of Defense.
**(b) Element of the Defense Acquisition System.—** In this part, the term “element of the defense acquisition system” means an organization that—
(1) employs members of the acquisition workforce;
(2) carries out acquisition functions; and
(3) focuses primarily on acquisition.
**(c) Acquisition.—** In this part, the term “acquisition” has the meaning provided in [section 131 of title 41](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title41-section131&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 3001
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment as Department of Defense Field Activity.—** The Secretary of Defense shall establish within the Department of Defense under [section 191 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section191&num=0&edition=prelim) a Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Center”). The Secretary shall designate the Center as a Department of Defense Field Activity.
**(b) Director and Deputy Director.—**
(1) At the head of the Center shall be a Director, selected by the Secretary from among individuals who have substantial experience in the field of test and evaluation.
(2) There shall be a Deputy Director of the Center, selected by the Secretary from among individuals who have substantial experience in the field of test and evaluation. The Deputy Director shall act for, and exercise the powers of, the Director when the Director is disabled or the position of Director is vacant.
**(c) Duties of Director.—**
(1) The Director shall have the following duties:
(A) To review and provide oversight of proposed Department of Defense budgets and expenditures for—
(i) the test and evaluation facilities and resources of the Major Range and Test Facility Base of the Department of Defense; and
(ii) all other test and evaluation facilities and resources within and outside of the Department of Defense, other than budgets and expenditures for activities described in [section 139(j) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section139/j&num=0&edition=prelim).
(B) To review proposed significant changes to the test and evaluation facilities and resources of the Major Range and Test Facility Base, including with respect to th
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 4173
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) **Actively tethered unmanned aircraft system.—** — The term “actively tethered unmanned aircraft system” means an unmanned aircraft system in which the unmanned aircraft component—
(A) weighs 55 pounds or less, including payload but not including the tether;
(B) is physically attached to a ground station with a taut, appropriately load-rated tether that provides continuous power to the unmanned aircraft and is unlikely to be separated from the unmanned aircraft;
(C) is controlled and retrieved by such ground station through physical manipulation of the tether;
(D) is able to maintain safe flight control in the event of a power or flight control failure during flight; and
(E) is programmed to initiate a controlled landing in the event of a tether separation.
(2) **Appropriate committees of congress.—** — The term “appropriate committees of Congress” means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives.
(3) **Arctic.—** — The term “Arctic” means the United States zone of the Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, and Bering Sea north of the Aleutian chain.
(4) **Certificate of waiver; certificate of authorization.—** — The terms “certificate of waiver” and “certificate of authorization” mean a Federal Aviation Administration grant of approval for a specific flight operation.
(5) **Counter-UAS system.—** — The term “counter-UAS system” means a system or device capable of lawfully and safely disabling, disrupting, or seizing control of an unmanned aircraft or unmanned aircraft system.
(6) **Permanent areas.—** — The term “permanent areas” means areas on land or water that provide for launch, recovery, and
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 44801
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In Special Aircraft Jurisdiction.—**
(1) In this subsection—
(A) “aircraft piracy” means seizing or exercising control of an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States by force, violence, threat of force or violence, or any form of intimidation, and with wrongful intent.
(B) an attempt to commit aircraft piracy is in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States although the aircraft is not in flight at the time of the attempt if the aircraft would have been in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States had the aircraft piracy been completed.
(2) An individual committing or attempting or conspiring to commit aircraft piracy—
(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or
(B) notwithstanding [section 3559(b) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3559/b&num=0&edition=prelim), if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.
**(b) Outside Special Aircraft Jurisdiction.—**
(1) An individual committing or conspiring to commit an offense (as defined in the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) on an aircraft in flight outside the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States—
(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or
(B) notwithstanding [section 3559(b) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3559/b&num=0&edition=prelim), if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.
(2) There is jurisdiction over the offense in paragraph (1) if—
(A) a national of the United States was aboard the aircraft;
(B) an offender is a nat
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 46502
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter—
(1) “wire communication” means any aural transfer made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications affecting interstate or foreign commerce;
(2) “oral communication” means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation, but such term does not include any electronic communication;
(3) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States;
(4) “intercept” means the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.11 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(5) “electronic, mechanical, or other device” means any device or apparatus which can be used to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication other than— (a) any telephone or telegraph instrument, equipment or facility, or any component thereof, (i) furnished to the subscriber or user by a provider of wire or electronic communication service in the ordinary course of its business and being used by the subscriber or user in the ordinary course of its business or furnished by such subscriber or user for connection to the facilities of such service and used in the ordina
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2510
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The following definitions apply in this title:
(1) The term “United States”, in a geographic sense, means the States and the District of Columbia.
(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, § 1057(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3440.]
(3) The term “possessions” includes the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Guano Islands, so long as they remain possessions, but does not include any Commonwealth.
(4) The term “armed forces” means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force, and Coast Guard.
(5) The term “uniformed services” means—
(A) the armed forces;
(B) the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
(C) the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service.
(6) The term “department”, when used with respect to a military department, means the executive part of the department and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the department. When used with respect to the Department of Defense, such term means the executive part of the department, including the executive parts of the military departments, and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of Defense, including those of the military departments.
(7) The term “executive part of the department” means the executive part of the Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, or Department of the Air Force, as the case may be, at the seat of government.
(8) The term “military departments” means the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force.
(9) The term
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 101
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.