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26 U.S.C. § 542 — Definition of personal holding company

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26 U.S.C. § 542 — Definition of personal holding company

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Source location: Title 26, Chapter 1, § 542; chapter-001-normal-taxes-and-surtaxes.md

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**(a) General rule** For purposes of this subtitle, the term “personal holding company” means any corporation (other than a corporation described in subsection (c)) if— (1) **Adjusted ordinary gross income requirement** — At least 60 percent of its adjusted ordinary gross income (as defined in section 543(b)(2)) for the taxable year is personal holding company income (as defined in section 543(a)), and (2) **Stock ownership requirement** — At any time during the last half of the taxable year more than 50 percent in value of its outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for not more than 5 individuals. For purposes of this paragraph, an organization described in section 401(a), 501(c)(17), or 509(a) or a portion of a trust permanently set aside or to be used exclusively for the purposes described in section 642(c) or a corresponding provision of a prior income tax law shall be considered an individual. **(b) Corporations filing consolidated returns** (1) **General rule** — In the case of an affiliated group of corporations filing or required to file a consolidated return under section 1501 for any taxable year, the adjusted ordinary gross income requirement of subsection (a)(1) of this section shall, except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), be applied for such year with respect to the consolidated adjusted ordinary gross income and the consolidated personal holding company income of the affiliated group. No member of such an affiliated group shall be considered to meet such adjusted ordinary gross income requirement unless the affiliated group meets such requirement. (2) **Ineligible affiliated group** — Paragraph (1) shall not apply to an affiliated group of corporations if— (A) any member of the affiliated group of corporations (including the common parent corporation) derived 10 percent or more of its adjusted ordinary gross income for the taxable year from sources outside the affiliated group, and (B) 80 percent or more of the amount described in subparagraph (A) consists of personal holding company income (as defined in section 543). For purposes of this paragraph, section 543 shall be applied as if the amount described in subparagraph (A) were the adjusted ordinary gross income of the corporation. (3) **Excluded corporations** — Paragraph (1) shall not apply to an affiliated group of corporations if any member of the affiliated group (including the common parent corporation) is a corporation excluded from the definition of personal holding company under subsection (c). (4) **Certain dividend income received by a common parent** — In applying paragraph (2) (A) and (B), personal holding company income and adjusted ordinary gross income shall not include dividends received by a common parent corporation from another corporation if— (A) the common parent corporation owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of the outstanding voting stock of such other corporation, and (B) such other corporation is not a personal holding company for the taxable year in which the dividends are paid. (5) **Certain dividend income received from a nonincludible life insurance company** — In the case of an affiliated group of corporations filing or required to file a consolidated return under section 1501 for any taxable year, there shall be excluded from consolidated personal holding company income and consolidated adjusted ordinary gross income for purposes of this part dividends received by a member of the affiliated group from a life insurance company taxable under section 801 that is not a member of the affiliated group solely by reason of the application of paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of section 1504. **(c) Exceptions** The term “personal holding company” as defined in subsection (a) does not include— (1) a corporation exempt from tax under subchapter F (sec. 501 and following); (2) a bank as defined in section 581, or a domestic building and loan association within the meaning of section 7701(a)(19); (3) a life insurance company; (4) a surety company; (5) a foreign corporation; (6) a lending or finance company if— (A) 60 percent or more of its ordinary gross income (as defined in section 543(b)(1)) is derived directly from the active and regular conduct of a lending or finance business; (B) the personal holding company income for the taxable year (computed without regard to income described in subsection (d)(3) and income derived directly from the active and regular conduct of a lending or finance business, and computed by including as personal holding company income the entire amount of the gross income from rents, royalties, produced film rents, and compensation for use of corporate property by shareholders) is not more than 20 percent of the ordinary gross income; (C) the sum of the deductions which are directly allocable to the active and regular conduct of its lending or finance business equals or exceeds the sum of— (i) 15 percent of so much of the ordinary gross income derived therefrom as does not exceed $500,000, plus (ii) 5 percent of so much of the ordinary gross income derived therefrom as exceeds $500,000; and (D) the loans to a person who is a shareholder in such company during the taxable year by or for whom 10 percent or more in value of its outstanding stock is owned directly or indirectly (including, in the case of an individual, stock owned by members of his family as defined in section 544(a)(2)), outstanding at any time during such year do not exceed $5,000 in principal amount; (7) a small business investment company which is licensed by the Small Business Administration and operating under the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 ([15 U.S.C. 661](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section661&num=0&edition=prelim) and following) and which is actively engaged in the business of providing funds to small business concerns under that Act. This paragraph shall not apply if any shareholder of the small business investment company owns at any time during the taxable year directly or indirectly (including, in the case of an individual, ownership by the members of his family as defined in section 544(a)(2)) a 5 per centum or more proprietary interest in a small business concern to which funds are provided by the investment company or 5 per centum or more in value of the outstanding stock of such concern; and (8) a corporation which is subject to the jurisdiction of the court in a title 11 or similar case (within the meaning of section 368(a)(3)(A)) unless a major purpose of instituting or continuing such case is the avoidance of the tax imposed by section 541. **(d) Special rules for applying subsection (c)(6)** (1) **Lending or finance business defined** (A) *In general* — Except as provided in subparagraph (B), for purposes of subsection (c)(6), the term “lending or finance business” means a business of— (i) making loans, (ii) purchasing or discounting accounts receivable, notes, or installment obligations, (iii) rendering services or making facilities available in connection with activities described in clauses (i) and (ii) carried on by the corporation rendering services or making facilities available, or (iv) rendering services or making facilities available to another corporation which is engaged in the lending or finance business (within the meaning of this paragraph), if such services or facilities are related to the lending or finance business (within such meaning) of such other corporation and such other corporation and the corporation rendering services or making facilities available are members of the same affiliated group (as defined in section 1504). (B) *Exceptions* — For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “lending or finance business” does not include the business of— (i) making loans, or purchasing or discounting accounts receivable, notes, or installment obligations, if (at the time of the loan, purchase, or discount) the remaining maturity exceeds 144 months; unless— (I) the loans, notes, or installment obligations are evidenced or secured by contracts of conditional sale, chattel mortgages, or chattel lease agreements arising out of the sale of goods or services in the course of the borrower’s or transferor’s trade or business, or (II) the loans, notes, or installment obligations are made or acquired by the taxpayer and meet the requirements of subparagraph (C), or (ii) making loans evidenced by, or purchasing, certificates of indebtedness issued in a series, under a trust indenture, and in registered form or with interest coupons attached. For purposes of clause (i), the remaining maturity shall be treated as including any period for which there may be a renewal or extension under the terms of an option exercisable by the borrower. (C) *Indefinite maturity credit transactions* — For purposes of subparagraph (B)(i), a loan, note, or installment obligation meets the requirements of this subparagraph if it is made under an agreement— (i) under which the creditor agrees to make loans or advances (not in excess of an agreed upon maximum amount) from time to time to or for the account of the debtor upon request, and (ii) under which the debtor may repay the loan or advance in full or in installments. (2) **Business deductions** — For purposes of subsection (c)(6)(C), the deductions which may be taken into account shall include only— (A) deductions which are allowable only by reason of section 162 or section 404, except there shall not be included any such deduction in respect of compensation for personal services rendered by shareholders (including members of the shareholder’s family as described in section 544(a)(2)), and (B) deductions allowable under section 167, and deductions allowable under section 164 for real property taxes, but in either case only to the extent that the property with respect to which such deductions are allowable is used directly in the active and regular conduct of the lending or finance business. (3) **Income received from certain affiliated corporations** — For purposes of subsection (c)(6)(B), in the case of a lending or finance company which meets the requirements of subsection (c)(6)(A), there shall not be treated as personal holding company income the lawful income received from a corporation which meets the requirements of subsection (c)(6) and which is a member of the same affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) of which such company is a member.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

26 U.S.C. § 532 — Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax

**(a) General rule** The accumulated earnings tax imposed by section 531 shall apply to every corporation (other than those described in subsection (b)) formed or availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax with respect to its shareholders or the shareholders of any other corporation, by permitting earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being divided or distributed. **(b) Exceptions** The accumulated earnings tax imposed by section 531 shall not apply to— (1) a personal holding company (as defined in section 542), (2) a corporation exempt from tax under subchapter F (section 501 and following), or (3) a passive foreign investment company (as defined in section 1297). **(c) Application determined without regard to number of shareholders** The application of this part to a corporation shall be determined without regard to the number of shareholders of such corporation.

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26 U.S.C. § 4940 — Excise tax based on investment income

**(a) Tax-exempt foundations** There is hereby imposed on each private foundation which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) for the taxable year, with respect to the carrying on of its activities, a tax equal to 1.39 percent of the net investment income of such foundation for the taxable year. **(b) Taxable foundations** There is hereby imposed on each private foundation which is not exempt from taxation under section 501(a) for the taxable year, with respect to the carrying on of its activities, a tax equal to— (1) the amount (if any) by which the sum of (A) the tax imposed under subsection (a) (computed as if such subsection applied to such private foundation for the taxable year), plus (B) the amount of the tax which would have been imposed under section 511 for the taxable year if such private foundation had been exempt from taxation under section 501(a), exceeds (2) the tax imposed under subtitle A on such private foundation for the taxable year. **(c) Net investment income defined** (1) **In general** — For purposes of subsection (a), the net investment income is the amount by which (A) the sum of the gross investment income and the capital gain net income exceeds (B) the deductions allowed by paragraph (3). Except to the extent inconsistent with the provisions of this section, net investment income shall be determined under the principles of subtitle A. (2) **Gross investment income** — For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “gross investment income” means the gross amount of income from interest, dividends, rents, payments with respect to securities loans (as defined in section 512(a)(5)), and royalties, but not including any such income to the extent included in computing the tax imposed by section 511. Such term shall also include income from s

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26 U.S.C. § 1291 — Interest on tax deferral

**(a) Treatment of distributions and stock dispositions** (1) **Distributions** — If a United States person receives an excess distribution in respect of stock in a passive foreign investment company, then— (A) the amount of the excess distribution shall be allocated ratably to each day in the taxpayer’s holding period for the stock, (B) with respect to such excess distribution, the taxpayer’s gross income for the current year shall include (as ordinary income) only the amounts allocated under subparagraph (A) to— (i) the current year, or (ii) any period in the taxpayer’s holding period before the 1st day of the 1st taxable year of the company which begins after December 31, 1986, and for which it was a passive foreign investment company, and (C) the tax imposed by this chapter for the current year shall be increased by the deferred tax amount (determined under subsection (c)). (2) **Dispositions** — If the taxpayer disposes of stock in a passive foreign investment company, then the rules of paragraph (1) shall apply to any gain recognized on such disposition in the same manner as if such gain were an excess distribution. (3) **Definitions** — For purposes of this section— (A) *Holding period* — The taxpayer’s holding period shall be determined under section 1223; except that— (i) for purposes of applying this section to an excess distribution, such holding period shall be treated as ending on the date of such distribution, and (ii) if section 1296 applied to such stock with respect to the taxpayer for any prior taxable year, such holding period shall be treated as beginning on the first day of the first taxable year beginning after the last taxable year for which section 1296 so applied. (B) *Current year* — The term “current year”

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26 U.S.C. § 801 — Tax imposed

**(a) Tax imposed** A tax is hereby imposed for each taxable year on the life insurance company taxable income of every life insurance company. Such tax shall consist of a tax computed as provided in section 11 as though the life insurance company taxable income were the taxable income referred to in section 11. **(b) Life insurance company taxable income** For purposes of this part, the term “life insurance company taxable income” means— (1) life insurance gross income, reduced by (2) life insurance deductions.

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26 U.S.C. § 1 — Tax imposed

**(a) Married individuals filing joint returns and surviving spouses** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of— (1) every married individual (as defined in section 7703) who makes a single return jointly with his spouse under section 6013, and (2) every surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(a)), a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $36,90015% of taxable income. Over $36,900 but not over $89,150$5,535, plus 28% of the excess over $36,900. Over $89,150 but not over $140,000$20,165, plus 31% of the excess over $89,150. Over $140,000 but not over $250,000$35,928.50, plus 36% of the excess over $140,000. Over $250,000$75,528.50, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000. **(b) Heads of households** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of every head of a household (as defined in section 2(b)) a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $29,60015% of taxable income. Over $29,600 but not over $76,400$4,440, plus 28% of the excess over $29,600. Over $76,400 but not over $127,500$17,544, plus 31% of the excess over $76,400. Over $127,500 but not over $250,000$33,385, plus 36% of the excess over $127,500. Over $250,000$77,485, plus 39.6% of the excess over $250,000. **(c) Unmarried individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of households)** There is hereby imposed on the taxable income of every individual (other than a surviving spouse as defined in section 2(a) or the head of a household as defined in section 2(b)) who is not a married individual (as defined in section 7703) a tax determined in accordance with the following table: If taxable income is:The tax is: Not over $22,10015% of taxable income. Over $22,100 but not over $53,50

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26 U.S.C. § 11 — Tax imposed

**(a) Corporations in general** A tax is hereby imposed for each taxable year on the taxable income of every corporation. **(b) Amount of tax** The amount of the tax imposed by subsection (a) shall be 21 percent of taxable income. **(c) Exceptions** Subsection (a) shall not apply to a corporation subject to a tax imposed by— (1) section 594 (relating to mutual savings banks conducting life insurance business), (2) subchapter L (sec. 801 and following, relating to insurance companies), or (3) subchapter M (sec. 851 and following, relating to regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts). **(d) Foreign corporations** In the case of a foreign corporation, the taxes imposed by subsection (a) and section 55 shall apply only as provided by section 882.

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26 U.S.C. § 2 — Definitions and special rules

**(a) Definition of surviving spouse** (1) **In general** — For purposes of section 1, the term “surviving spouse” means a taxpayer— (A) whose spouse died during either of his two taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year, and (B) who maintains as his home a household which constitutes for the taxable year the principal place of abode (as a member of such household) of a dependent (i) who (within the meaning of section 152, determined without regard to subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), and (d)(1)(B) thereof) is a son, stepson, daughter, or stepdaughter of the taxpayer, and (ii) with respect to whom the taxpayer is entitled to a deduction for the taxable year under section 151. (2) **Limitations** — Notwithstanding paragraph (1), for purposes of section 1 a taxpayer shall not be considered to be a surviving spouse— (A) if the taxpayer has remarried at any time before the close of the taxable year, or (B) unless, for the taxpayer’s taxable year during which his spouse died, a joint return could have been made under the provisions of section 6013 (without regard to subsection (a)(3) thereof). (3) **Special rule where deceased spouse was in missing status** — If an individual was in a missing status (within the meaning of section 6013(f)(3)) as a result of service in a combat zone (as determined for purposes of section 112) and if such individual remains in such status until the date referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B), then, for purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the date on which such individual died shall be treated as the earlier of the date determined under subparagraph (A) or the date determined under subparagraph (B): (A) the date on which the determination is made under [section 556 of title 37](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:

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15 U.S.C. § 661 — Congressional declaration of policy

It is declared to be the policy of the Congress and the purpose of this chapter to improve and stimulate the national economy in general and the small-business segment thereof in particular by establishing a program to stimulate and supplement the flow of private equity capital and long-term loan funds which small-business concerns need for the sound financing of their business operations and for their growth, expansion, and modernization, and which are not available in adequate supply: Provided, however, That this policy shall be carried out in such manner as to insure the maximum participation of private financing sources.

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26 U.S.C. § 316 — Dividend defined

**(a) General rule** For purposes of this subtitle, the term “dividend” means any distribution of property made by a corporation to its shareholders— (1) out of its earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, or (2) out of its earnings and profits of the taxable year (computed as of the close of the taxable year without diminution by reason of any distributions made during the taxable year), without regard to the amount of the earnings and profits at the time the distribution was made. Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, every distribution is made out of earnings and profits to the extent thereof, and from the most recently accumulated earnings and profits. To the extent that any distribution is, under any provision of this subchapter, treated as a distribution of property to which section 301 applies, such distribution shall be treated as a distribution of property for purposes of this subsection. **(b) Special rules** (1) **Certain insurance company dividends** — The definition in subsection (a) shall not apply to the term “dividend” as used in subchapter L in any case where the reference is to dividends of insurance companies paid to policyholders as such. (2) **Distributions by personal holding companies** (A) In the case of a corporation which— (i) under the law applicable to the taxable year in which the distribution is made, is a personal holding company (as defined in section 542), or (ii) for the taxable year in respect of which the distribution is made under section 563(b) (relating to dividends paid after the close of the taxable year), or section 547 (relating to deficiency dividends), or the corresponding provisions of prior law, is a personal holding company under the law applicable to such taxable year, the t

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26 U.S.C. § 108 — Income from discharge of indebtedness

**(a) Exclusion from gross income** (1) **In general** — Gross income does not include any amount which (but for this subsection) would be includible in gross income by reason of the discharge (in whole or in part) of indebtedness of the taxpayer if— (A) the discharge occurs in a title 11 case, (B) the discharge occurs when the taxpayer is insolvent, (C) the indebtedness discharged is qualified farm indebtedness, (D) in the case of a taxpayer other than a C corporation, the indebtedness discharged is qualified real property business indebtedness, or (E) the indebtedness discharged is qualified principal residence indebtedness which is discharged— (i) before January 1, 2026, or (ii) subject to an arrangement that is entered into and evidenced in writing before January 1, 2026. (2) **Coordination of exclusions** (A) *Title 11 exclusion takes precedence* — Subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), and (E) of paragraph (1) shall not apply to a discharge which occurs in a title 11 case. (B) *Insolvency exclusion takes precedence over qualified farm exclusion and qualified real property business exclusion* — Subparagraphs (C) and (D) of paragraph (1) shall not apply to a discharge to the extent the taxpayer is insolvent. (C) *Principal residence exclusion takes precedence over insolvency exclusion unless elected otherwise* — Paragraph (1)(B) shall not apply to a discharge to which paragraph (1)(E) applies unless the taxpayer elects to apply paragraph (1)(B) in lieu of paragraph (1)(E). (3) **Insolvency exclusion limited to amount of insolvency** — In the case of a discharge to which paragraph (1)(B) applies, the amount excluded under paragraph (1)(B) shall not exceed the amount by which the taxpayer is insolvent. **(b) Reduction of tax attributes** (

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