Browse Arkansas Code titles and sections
50 U.S.C. § 1828 — Civil liability
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
An aggrieved person, other than a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power, as defined in section 1801(a) or (b)(1)(A), respectively, of this title, whose premises, property, information, or material has been subjected to a physical search within the United States or about whom information obtained by such a physical search has been disclosed or used in violation of [section 1827 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1827&num=0&edition=prelim) shall have a cause of action against any person who committed such violation and shall be entitled to recover—
(1) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages of $1,000 or $100 per day for each day of violation, whichever is greater;
(2) punitive damages; and
(3) reasonable attorney’s fees and other investigative and litigation costs reasonably incurred.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 1828
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. A text match is a research starting point; applicability is not established.
Original supplied file — preserved unchanged
Download original Markdown file
File SHA-256: 04239b6a00573ca34f1bcd2aea07a943381bc80553f192660d6bd8c5b379f64e. The original may include catalog metadata, neighboring provisions, or embedded records outside this collection's scope. Search shows only the selected federal record. Historical editions and unverified snapshots are not a statement of current law.
Authority boundary: historical or unconfirmed source not current law verified.
Open the recorded source website ↗
Record provenance
Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_2bc0a046424a6a1277562292
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-50/section-1828-civil-liability--4468008725.md
Pages: Not recorded – Not recorded
Passage SHA-256: c711bcb2533049398fd85ab520423739a6bce2a1dd06da5892bddc87cfd73b7b
Source location: Title 50, Chapter 36, § 1828; chapter-036-foreign-intelligence-surveillance.md
Stored source content
An aggrieved person, other than a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power, as defined in section 1801(a) or (b)(1)(A), respectively, of this title, whose premises, property, information, or material has been subjected to a physical search within the United States or about whom information obtained by such a physical search has been disclosed or used in violation of [section 1827 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1827&num=0&edition=prelim) shall have a cause of action against any person who committed such violation and shall be entitled to recover—
(1) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages of $1,000 or $100 per day for each day of violation, whichever is greater;
(2) punitive damages; and
(3) reasonable attorney’s fees and other investigative and litigation costs reasonably incurred.
Cross-references
Connections may be documented source relationships, shared citations or nearby passages. Each explains its basis; a connection alone does not establish applicability to your situation.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this subchapter:
(1) The terms “foreign power”, “agent of a foreign power”, “international terrorism”, “sabotage”, “foreign intelligence information”, “Attorney General”, “United States person”, “United States”, “person”, “weapon of mass destruction”, and “State” shall have the same meanings as in [section 1801 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1801&num=0&edition=prelim), except as specifically provided by this subchapter.
(2) “Aggrieved person” means a person whose premises, property, information, or material is the target of physical search or any other person whose premises, property, information, or material was subject to physical search.
(3) “Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court” means the court established by [section 1803(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1803/a&num=0&edition=prelim).
(4) “Minimization procedures” with respect to physical search, means—
(A) specific procedures, which shall be adopted by the Attorney General, that are reasonably designed in light of the purposes and technique of the particular physical search, to minimize the acquisition and retention, and prohibit the dissemination, of nonpublicly available information concerning unconsenting United States persons consistent with the need of the United States to obtain, produce, and disseminate foreign intelligence information;
(B) procedures that require that nonpublicly available information, which is not foreign intelligence information, as defined in [section 1801(e)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1801/e/1&num=0&edition=prelim), shall not be disseminated in a manner that identifies any Unite
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 1821
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Prohibited activities** A person is guilty of an offense if he intentionally—
(1) under color of law for the purpose of obtaining foreign intelligence information, executes a physical search within the United States except as authorized by statute; or
(2) discloses or uses information obtained under color of law by physical search within the United States, knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through physical search not authorized by statute, for the purpose of obtaining intelligence information.
**(b) Defense** It is a defense to a prosecution under subsection (a) that the defendant was a law enforcement or investigative officer engaged in the course of his official duties and the physical search was authorized by and conducted pursuant to a search warrant or court order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
**(c) Fine or imprisonment** An offense described in this section is punishable by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both.
**(d) Federal jurisdiction** There is Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section if the person committing the offense was an officer or employee of the United States at the time the offense was committed.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 1827
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 271
TITLE 50—WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
§ 1841
Attorney General to gather foreign intelligence infor-
mation, see section 807(c) of Pub. L. 103–359, set out as
a note under section 1821 of this title.
§ 1828. Civil liability
An aggrieved person, other than a foreign
power or an agent of a foreign power, as defined
in section 1801(a) or (b)(1)(A), respectively, of
this title, whose premises, property, informa-
tion, or material has been subjected to a phys-
ical search within the United States or about
whom information obtained by such a physical
search has been disclosed or used in violation of
section 1827 of this title shall have a cause of ac-
tion against any person who committed such
violation and shall be entitled to recover—
(1) actual damages, but not less than liq-
uidated damages of $1,000 or $100 per day for
each day of violation, whichever is greater;
(2) punitive damages; and
(3) reasonable attorney’s fees and other in-
vestigative and litigation costs reasonably in-
curred.
(Pub. L. 95–511, title III, § 308, as added Pub. L.
103–359, title VIII, § 807(a)(3), Oct. 14, 1994, 108
Stat. 3452.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective 90 days after Oct. 14, 1994, with ex-
ception for certain physical searches approved by the
Attorney General to gather foreign intelligence infor-
mation, see section 807(c) of Pub. L. 103–359, set out as
a note under section 1821 of this title.
§ 1829. Authorization during time of war
Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
the President, through the Attorney General,
may authorize physical searches without a court
order under this subchapter to acquire foreign
intelligence information for a period not to ex-
ceed 15 calendar days following a declaration of
war by
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 50 U.S.C. § 1828
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.