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15 U.S.C. § 1691a — Definitions; rules of construction
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.
**(b)** The term “applicant” means any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.
**(c)** The term “Bureau” means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
**(d)** The term “credit” means the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debts and defer its payment or to purchase property or services and defer payment therefor.
**(e)** The term “creditor” means any person who regularly extends, renews, or continues credit; any person who regularly arranges for the extension, renewal, or continuation of credit; or any assignee of an original creditor who participates in the decision to extend, renew, or continue credit.
**(f)** The term “person” means a natural person, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, trust, estate, partnership, cooperative, or association.
**(g)** Any reference to any requirement imposed under this subchapter or any provision thereof includes reference to the regulations of the Bureau under this subchapter or the provision thereof in question.
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 41, § 1691a; chapter-041-consumer-credit-protection.md
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**(a)** The definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.
**(b)** The term “applicant” means any person who applies to a creditor directly for an extension, renewal, or continuation of credit, or applies to a creditor indirectly by use of an existing credit plan for an amount exceeding a previously established credit limit.
**(c)** The term “Bureau” means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
**(d)** The term “credit” means the right granted by a creditor to a debtor to defer payment of debt or to incur debts and defer its payment or to purchase property or services and defer payment therefor.
**(e)** The term “creditor” means any person who regularly extends, renews, or continues credit; any person who regularly arranges for the extension, renewal, or continuation of credit; or any assignee of an original creditor who participates in the decision to extend, renew, or continue credit.
**(f)** The term “person” means a natural person, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, trust, estate, partnership, cooperative, or association.
**(g)** Any reference to any requirement imposed under this subchapter or any provision thereof includes reference to the regulations of the Bureau under this subchapter or the provision thereof in question.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** For purposes of this section—
(1) the term “agency” means agency as defined in section 552(e) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title;
(2) the term “individual” means a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence;
(3) the term “maintain” includes maintain, collect, use, or disseminate;
(4) the term “record” means any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency, including, but not limited to, his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger or voice print or a photograph;
(5) the term “system of records” means a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual;
(6) the term “statistical record” means a record in a system of records maintained for statistical research or reporting purposes only and not used in whole or in part in making any determination about an identifiable individual, except as provided by [section 8 of title 13](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title13-section8&num=0&edition=prelim);
(7) the term “routine use” means, with respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected;
(8) the term “matching program”—
(A) means any computerized comparison of—
(i) two or more automated systems of records or a system of records with non-Federal records for the purpose
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.
**(b)** The term “person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, trust, estate, cooperative, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other entity.
**(c)** The term “consumer” means an individual.
**(d) Consumer Report.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The term “consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for—
(A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes;
(B) employment purposes; or
(C) any other purpose authorized under [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Exclusions.—** — Except as provided in paragraph (3), the term “consumer report” does not include—
(A) subject to [section 1681s–3 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681s-3&num=0&edition=prelim), any—
(i) report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report;
(ii) communication of that information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; or
(iii) communication of other information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control, if it
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Duties of users taking adverse actions on basis of information contained in consumer reports** If any person takes any adverse action with respect to any consumer that is based in whole or in part on any information contained in a consumer report, the person shall—
(1) provide oral, written, or electronic notice of the adverse action to the consumer;
(2) provide to the consumer written or electronic disclosure—
(A) of a numerical credit score as defined in [section 1681g(f)(2)(A) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681g/f/2/A&num=0&edition=prelim) used by such person in taking any adverse action based in whole or in part on any information in a consumer report; and
(B) of the information set forth in subparagraphs (B) through (E) of [section 1681g(f)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681g/f/1&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) provide to the consumer orally, in writing, or electronically—
(A) the name, address, and telephone number of the consumer reporting agency (including a toll-free telephone number established by the agency if the agency compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis) that furnished the report to the person; and
(B) a statement that the consumer reporting agency did not make the decision to take the adverse action and is unable to provide the consumer the specific reasons why the adverse action was taken; and
(4) provide to the consumer an oral, written, or electronic notice of the consumer’s right—
(A) to obtain, under [section 1681j of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681j&num=0&edition=prelim), a free copy of a consumer report on the consumer
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1624
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 1691a
valuations developed in connection with the
applicant’s application for a loan that is se-
cured or would have been secured by a first
lien on a dwelling promptly upon completion,
but in no case later than 3 days prior to the
closing of the loan, whether the creditor
grants or denies the applicant’s request for
credit or the application is incomplete or
withdrawn.
(2) Waiver
The applicant may waive the 3 day require-
ment provided for in paragraph (1), except
where otherwise required in law.
(3) Reimbursement
The applicant may be required to pay a rea-
sonable fee to reimburse the creditor for the
cost of the appraisal, except where otherwise
required in law.
(4) Free copy
Notwithstanding paragraph (3), the creditor
shall provide a copy of each written appraisal
or valuation at no additional cost to the appli-
cant.
(5) Notification to applicants
At the time of application, the creditor shall
notify an applicant in writing of the right to
receive a copy of each written appraisal and
valuation under this subsection.
(6) Valuation defined
For purposes of this subsection, the term
‘‘valuation’’ shall include any estimate of the
value of a dwelling developed in connection
with a creditor’s decision to provide credit, in-
cluding those values developed pursuant to a
policy of a government sponsored enterprise or
by an automated valuation model, a broker
price opinion, or other methodology or mecha-
nism.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VII, § 701, as added Pub. L.
93–495, title V, § 503, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1521;
amended Pub. L. 94–239, § 2, Mar. 23, 1976, 90 Stat.
251; Pub. L. 102–242, title II, § 223(d), Dec. 19, 1991,
105 Stat. 2306; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §§ 1071(b),
1085(1), title XIV, § 1
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