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23 U.S.C. § 136 — Control of junkyards
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress hereby finds and declares that the establishment and use and maintenance of junkyards in areas adjacent to the Interstate System and the primary system should be controlled in order to protect the public investment in such highways, to promote the safety and recreational value of public travel, and to preserve natural beauty.
**(b)** Federal-aid highway funds apportioned on or after January 1, 1968, to any State which the Secretary determines has not made provision for effective control of the establishment and maintenance along the Interstate System and the primary system of outdoor junkyards, which are within one thousand feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way and visible from the main traveled way of the system, shall be reduced by amounts equal to 7 percent of the amounts which would otherwise be apportioned to such State under paragraphs (1) through (6) of section 104(b), until such time as such State shall provide for such effective control. Any amount which is withheld from apportionment to any State hereunder shall be reapportioned to the other States. Whenever he determines it to be in the public interest, the Secretary may suspend, for such periods as he deems necessary, the application of this subsection to a State.
**(c)** Effective control means that by January 1, 1968, such junkyards shall be screened by natural objects, plantings, fences, or other appropriate means so as not to be visible from the main traveled way of the system, or shall be removed from sight.
**(d)** The term “junk” shall mean old or scrap copper, brass, rope, rags, batteries, paper, trash, rubber debris, waste, or junked, dismantled, or wrecked automobiles, or parts thereof, iron, steel, and other old or scrap ferrous or nonferrous material.
**(e)** The t
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Source location: Title 23, Chapter 1, § 136; chapter-001-federal-aid-highways.md
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**(a)** The Congress hereby finds and declares that the establishment and use and maintenance of junkyards in areas adjacent to the Interstate System and the primary system should be controlled in order to protect the public investment in such highways, to promote the safety and recreational value of public travel, and to preserve natural beauty.
**(b)** Federal-aid highway funds apportioned on or after January 1, 1968, to any State which the Secretary determines has not made provision for effective control of the establishment and maintenance along the Interstate System and the primary system of outdoor junkyards, which are within one thousand feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way and visible from the main traveled way of the system, shall be reduced by amounts equal to 7 percent of the amounts which would otherwise be apportioned to such State under paragraphs (1) through (6) of section 104(b), until such time as such State shall provide for such effective control. Any amount which is withheld from apportionment to any State hereunder shall be reapportioned to the other States. Whenever he determines it to be in the public interest, the Secretary may suspend, for such periods as he deems necessary, the application of this subsection to a State.
**(c)** Effective control means that by January 1, 1968, such junkyards shall be screened by natural objects, plantings, fences, or other appropriate means so as not to be visible from the main traveled way of the system, or shall be removed from sight.
**(d)** The term “junk” shall mean old or scrap copper, brass, rope, rags, batteries, paper, trash, rubber debris, waste, or junked, dismantled, or wrecked automobiles, or parts thereof, iron, steel, and other old or scrap ferrous or nonferrous material.
**(e)** The term “automobile graveyard” shall mean any establishment or place of business which is maintained, used, or operated for storing, keeping, buying, or selling wrecked, scrapped, ruined, or dismantled motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts.
**(f)** The term “junkyard” shall mean an establishment or place of business which is maintained, operated, or used for storing, keeping, buying, or selling junk, or for the maintenance or operation of an automobile graveyard, and the term shall include garbage dumps and sanitary fills.
**(g)** Notwithstanding any provision of this section, junkyards, auto graveyards, and scrap metal processing facilities may be operated within areas adjacent to the Interstate System and the primary system which are within one thousand feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way and which are zoned industrial under authority of State law, or which are not zoned under authority of State law, but are used for industrial activities, as determined by the several States subject to approval by the Secretary.
**(h)** Notwithstanding any provision of this section, any junkyard in existence on the date of enactment of this section which does not conform to the requirements of this section and which the Secretary finds as a practical matter cannot be screened, shall not be required to be removed until July 1, 1970.
**(i)** The Federal share of landscaping and screening costs under this section shall be 75 per centum.
**(j)** Just compensation shall be paid the owner for the relocation, removal, or disposal of junkyards lawfully established under State law. The Federal share of such compensation shall be 75 per centum.
**(k)** All public lands or reservations of the United States which are adjacent to any portion of the interstate and primary systems shall be effectively controlled in accordance with the provisions of this section.
**(l)** Nothing in this section shall prohibit a State from establishing standards imposing stricter limitations with respect to outdoor junkyards on the Federal-aid highway systems than those established under this section.
**(m)** There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, not to exceed $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, not to exceed $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967, not to exceed $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970, not to exceed $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971, not to exceed $3,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1972, and not to exceed $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973. The provisions of this chapter relating to the obligation, period of availability, and expenditure of Federal-aid primary highway funds shall apply to the funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section after June 30, 1967.
**(n) Definitions.—** For purposes of this section, the terms “primary system” and “Federal-aid primary system” mean any highway that is on the National Highway System, which includes the Interstate Highway System.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress hereby finds and declares that the erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices in areas adjacent to the Interstate System and the primary system should be controlled in order to protect the public investment in such highways, to promote the safety and recreational value of public travel, and to preserve natural beauty.
**(b)** Federal-aid highway funds apportioned on or after January 1, 1968, to any State which the Secretary determines has not made provision for effective control of the erection and maintenance along the Interstate System and the primary system of outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices which are within six hundred and sixty feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way and visible from the main traveled way of the system, and Federal-aid highway funds apportioned on or after January 1, 1975, or after the expiration of the next regular session of the State legislature, whichever is later, to any State which the Secretary determines has not made provision for effective control of the erection and maintenance along the Interstate System and the primary system of those additional outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices which are more than six hundred and sixty feet off the nearest edge of the right-of-way, located outside of urban areas, visible from the main traveled way of the system, and erected with the purpose of their message being read from such main traveled way, shall be reduced by amounts equal to 10 per centum of the amounts which would otherwise be apportioned to such State under [section 104 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title23-section104&num=0&edition=prelim), until such time as such State shall provide for such effective con
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Basic Principles Governing Research and Technology Investments.—**
(1) **Applicability.—** — The research, development, and technology provisions of this section shall apply throughout this chapter.
(2) **Coverage.—** — Surface transportation research and technology development shall include all activities within the innovation lifecycle leading to technology development and transfer, as well as the introduction of new and innovative ideas, practices, and approaches, through such mechanisms as field applications, education and training, communications, impact analysis, and technical support.
(3) **Federal responsibility.—** — Funding and conducting surface transportation research and technology transfer activities shall be considered a basic responsibility of the Federal Government when the work—
(A) is of national significance;
(B) delivers a clear public benefit and occurs where private sector investment is less than optimal;
(C) supports a Federal stewardship role in assuring that State and local governments use national resources efficiently;
(D) meets and addresses current or emerging needs;
(E) addresses current gaps in research;
(F) presents the best means to align resources with multiyear plans and priorities;
(G) ensures the coordination of highway research and technology transfer activities, including through activities performed by university transportation centers;
(H) educates transportation professionals; or
(I) presents the best means to support Federal policy goals compared to other policy alternatives.
(4) **Role.—** — Consistent with these Federal responsibilities, the Secretary shall—
(A) conduct research;
(B) partner with State highway agencies and other stakeholders as appropriate to facilitate research and
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Administrative Expenses.—**
(1) **In general.—** — There is authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund (other than the Mass Transit Account) to be made available to the Secretary for administrative expenses of the Federal Highway Administration—
(A) $490,964,697 for fiscal year 2022;
(B) $500,783,991 for fiscal year 2023;
(C) $510,799,671 for fiscal year 2024;
(D) $521,015,664 for fiscal year 2025; and
(E) $531,435,977 for fiscal year 2026.
(2) **Purposes.—** — The amounts authorized to be appropriated by this subsection shall be used—
(A) to administer the provisions of law to be funded from appropriations for the Federal-aid highway program and programs authorized under chapter 2;
(B) to make transfers of such sums as the Secretary determines to be appropriate to the Appalachian Regional Commission for administrative activities associated with the Appalachian development highway system; and
(C) to reimburse, as appropriate, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Transportation for the conduct of annual audits of financial statements in accordance with [section 3521 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section3521&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) **Availability.—** — The amounts made available under paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended.
**(b) Division Among Programs of State’s Share of Base Apportionment.—** The Secretary shall distribute the amount of the base apportionment apportioned to a State for a fiscal year under subsection (c) among the national highway performance program, the surface transportation block grant program, the highway safety improvement program, the congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program, the national highway fr
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Level II of the Executive Schedule applies to the following positions, for which the annual rate of basic pay shall be the rate determined with respect to such level under chapter 11 of title 2, as adjusted by [section 5318 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5318&num=0&edition=prelim):
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this title, the following definitions apply:
(1) **Apportionment.—** — The term “apportionment” includes unexpended apportionments made under prior authorization laws.
(2) **Asset management.—** — The term “asset management” means a strategic and systematic process of operating, maintaining, and improving physical assets, with a focus on both engineering and economic analysis based upon quality information, to identify a structured sequence of maintenance, preservation, repair, rehabilitation, and replacement actions that will achieve and sustain a desired state of good repair over the lifecycle of the assets at minimum practicable cost.
(3) **Carpool project.—** — The term “carpool project” means any project to encourage the use of carpools and vanpools, including provision of carpooling opportunities to the elderly and individuals with disabilities, systems for locating potential riders and informing them of carpool opportunities, acquiring vehicles for carpool use, designating existing highway lanes as preferential carpool highway lanes, providing related traffic control devices, designating existing facilities for use for preferential parking for carpools, and real-time ridesharing projects, such as projects where drivers, using an electronic transfer of funds, recover costs directly associated with the trip provided through the use of location technology to quantify those direct costs, subject to the condition that the cost recovered does not exceed the cost of the trip provided.
(4) **Construction.—** — The term “construction” means the supervising, inspecting, actual building, and incurrence of all costs incidental to the construction or reconstruction of a highway or any project eligible for assistance under this title, including bon
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 200
TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS
§ 136
TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALIZATION DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS
Pub. L. 94–280, title I, § 146, May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 446,
authorized the Secretary of Transportation to carry
out
traffic
control
signalization
demonstration
projects, appropriated funds for fiscal years 1977 and
1978, and required participating States and the Sec-
retary to submit reports on the progress of such
projects.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
Pub. L. 89–285, title III, § 304, Oct. 22, 1965, 79 Stat.
1033, as amended by Pub. L. 97–449, § 2(a), Jan. 12, 1983,
96 Stat. 2439, authorized an appropriation of $500,000 to
the Secretary for highway safety programs under this
section.
DEFINITIONS
For additional definitions of terms used in this sec-
tion, see section 134 of this title.
§ 136. Control of junkyards
(a) The Congress hereby finds and declares
that the establishment and use and maintenance
of junkyards in areas adjacent to the Interstate
System and the primary system should be con-
trolled in order to protect the public investment
in such highways, to promote the safety and rec-
reational value of public travel, and to preserve
natural beauty.
(b) Federal-aid highway funds apportioned on
or after January 1, 1968, to any State which the
Secretary determines has not made provision for
effective control of the establishment and main-
tenance along the Interstate System and the
primary system of outdoor junkyards, which are
within one thousand feet of the nearest edge of
the right-of-way and visible from the main trav-
eled way of the system, shall be reduced by
amounts equal to 7 percent of the amounts
which would otherwise be apportioned to such
State under paragraphs (1) through (6) of section
104(b), until such time as such State shal
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