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18 U.S.C. § 3156 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** As used in sections 3141–3150 of this chapter—
(1) the term “judicial officer” means, unless otherwise indicated, any person or court authorized pursuant to [section 3041 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3041&num=0&edition=prelim), or the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, to detain or release a person before trial or sentencing or pending appeal in a court of the United States, and any judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia;
(2) the term “offense” means any criminal offense, other than an offense triable by court-martial, military commission, provost court, or other military tribunal, which is in violation of an Act of Congress and is triable in any court established by Act of Congress;
(3) the term “felony” means an offense punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of more than one year;
(4) the term “crime of violence” means—
(A) an offense that has as an element of the offense the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another;
(B) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense; or
(C) any felony under chapter 77, 109A, 110, or 117; and
(5) the term “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
**(b)** As used in sections 3152–3155 of this chapter—
(1) the term “judicial officer” means, unless otherwise indicated, any person or court authorized pursuant to [section 3041 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3041&num
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3156
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 207, § 3156; chapter-207-release-and-detention-pending-judicial-proceedings.md
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**(a)** As used in sections 3141–3150 of this chapter—
(1) the term “judicial officer” means, unless otherwise indicated, any person or court authorized pursuant to [section 3041 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3041&num=0&edition=prelim), or the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, to detain or release a person before trial or sentencing or pending appeal in a court of the United States, and any judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia;
(2) the term “offense” means any criminal offense, other than an offense triable by court-martial, military commission, provost court, or other military tribunal, which is in violation of an Act of Congress and is triable in any court established by Act of Congress;
(3) the term “felony” means an offense punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of more than one year;
(4) the term “crime of violence” means—
(A) an offense that has as an element of the offense the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another;
(B) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense; or
(C) any felony under chapter 77, 109A, 110, or 117; and
(5) the term “State” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
**(b)** As used in sections 3152–3155 of this chapter—
(1) the term “judicial officer” means, unless otherwise indicated, any person or court authorized pursuant to [section 3041 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3041&num=0&edition=prelim), or the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, to detain or release a person before trial or sentencing or pending appeal in a court of the United States, and
(2) the term “offense” means any Federal criminal offense which is in violation of any Act of Congress and is triable by any court established by Act of Congress (other than a Class B or C misdemeanor or an infraction, or an offense triable by court-martial, military commission, provost court, or other military tribunal).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** Except as otherwise specifically provided, a defendant who has been found guilty of an offense described in any Federal statute, including sections 13 and 1153 of this title, other than an Act of Congress applicable exclusively in the District of Columbia or the Uniform Code of Military Justice, shall be sentenced in accordance with the provisions of this chapter so as to achieve the purposes set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (D) of section 3553(a)(2) to the extent that they are applicable in light of all the circumstances of the case.
**(b) Individuals.—** An individual found guilty of an offense shall be sentenced, in accordance with the provisions of section 3553, to—
(1) a term of probation as authorized by subchapter B;
(2) a fine as authorized by subchapter C; or
(3) a term of imprisonment as authorized by subchapter D.
A sentence to pay a fine may be imposed in addition to any other sentence. A sanction authorized by section 3554, 3555, or 3556 may be imposed in addition to the sentence required by this subsection.
**(c) Organizations.—** An organization found guilty of an offense shall be sentenced, in accordance with the provisions of section 3553, to—
(1) a term of probation as authorized by subchapter B; or
(2) a fine as authorized by subchapter C.
A sentence to pay a fine may be imposed in addition to a sentence to probation. A sanction authorized by section 3554, 3555, or 3556 may be imposed in addition to the sentence required by this subsection.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3551
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Pending Trial.—** A judicial officer authorized to order the arrest of a person under [section 3041 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3041&num=0&edition=prelim) before whom an arrested person is brought shall order that such person be released or detained, pending judicial proceedings, under this chapter.
**(b) Pending Sentence or Appeal.—** A judicial officer of a court of original jurisdiction over an offense, or a judicial officer of a Federal appellate court, shall order that, pending imposition or execution of sentence, or pending appeal of conviction or sentence, a person be released or detained under this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3141
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For any offense against the United States, the offender may, by any justice or judge of the United States, or by any United States magistrate judge, or by any chancellor, judge of a supreme or superior court, chief or first judge of the common pleas, mayor of a city, justice of the peace, or other magistrate, of any state where the offender may be found, and at the expense of the United States, be arrested and imprisoned or released as provided in chapter 207 of this title, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by law has cognizance of the offense. Copies of the process shall be returned as speedily as may be into the office of the clerk of such court, together with the recognizances of the witnesses for their appearances to testify in the case.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3041
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** In this section—
(1) “dependent” includes spouse, whether or not actually dependent; and
(2) “value” means fair market value as of the date of the filing of the petition or, with respect to property that becomes property of the estate after such date, as of the date such property becomes property of the estate.
**(b)**
(1) Notwithstanding [section 541 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section541&num=0&edition=prelim), an individual debtor may exempt from property of the estate the property listed in either paragraph (2) or, in the alternative, paragraph (3) of this subsection. In joint cases filed under [section 302 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section302&num=0&edition=prelim) and individual cases filed under section 301 or 303 of this title by or against debtors who are husband and wife, and whose estates are ordered to be jointly administered under Rule 1015(b) of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, one debtor may not elect to exempt property listed in paragraph (2) and the other debtor elect to exempt property listed in paragraph (3) of this subsection. If the parties cannot agree on the alternative to be elected, they shall be deemed to elect paragraph (2), where such election is permitted under the law of the jurisdiction where the case is filed.
(2) Property listed in this paragraph is property that is specified under subsection (d), unless the State law that is applicable to the debtor under paragraph (3)(A) specifically does not so authorize.
(3) Property listed in this paragraph is—
(A) subject to subsections (o) and (p), any property that is exempt under Federal law, other than subsection (d) of this section, or State or local law th
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 11 U.S.C. § 522
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** On and after the date of the enactment of the Pretrial Services Act of 1982, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the “Director”) shall, under the supervision and direction of the Judicial Conference of the United States, provide directly, or by contract or otherwise (to such extent and in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts), for the establishment of pretrial services in each judicial district (other than the District of Columbia). Pretrial services established under this section shall be supervised by a chief probation officer appointed under [section 3654 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3654&num=0&edition=prelim) or by a chief pretrial services officer selected under subsection (c) of this section.
**(b)** Beginning eighteen months after the date of the enactment of the Pretrial Services Act of 1982, if an appropriate United States district court and the circuit judicial council jointly recommend the establishment under this subsection of pretrial services in a particular district, pretrial services shall be established under the general authority of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
**(c)** The pretrial services established under subsection (b) of this section shall be supervised by a chief pretrial services officer appointed by the district court. The chief pretrial services officer appointed under this subsection shall be an individual other than one serving under authority of [section 3602 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3602&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3152
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Attorney General shall make grants to States, State courts, local courts, units of local government, and Indian tribal governments, acting directly or through agreements with other public or nonprofit entities, for not more than 100 programs that involve—
(1) continuing judicial supervision, including periodic review, over preliminarily qualified offenders with mental illness, mental retardation, or co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse disorders, who are charged with misdemeanors or nonviolent offenses; and
(2) the coordinated delivery of services, which includes—
(A) specialized training of law enforcement and judicial personnel to identify and address the unique needs of a mentally ill or mentally retarded offender;
(B) voluntary outpatient or inpatient mental health treatment, in the least restrictive manner appropriate, as determined by the court, that carries with it the possibility of dismissal of charges or reduced sentencing upon successful completion of treatment, or court-ordered assisted outpatient treatment when the court has determined such treatment to be necessary;
(C) centralized case management involving the consolidation of all of a mentally ill or mentally retarded defendant’s cases, including violations of probation, and the coordination of all mental health treatment plans and social services, including life skills training, such as housing placement, vocational training, education, job placement, health care, and relapse prevention for each participant who requires such services; and
(D) continuing supervision of treatment plan compliance for a term not to exceed the maximum allowable sentence or probation for the charged or relevant offense and, to the extent practicable, continuity of psychiatric care at the end of th
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 34 U.S.C. § 10471
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 729
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 3156
under, in par. (5) inserted provisions that pretrial serv-
ices may provide the United States Attorney as well as
the court with information described under this para-
graph and that such information also includes any dan-
ger that a person released to the custody of pretrial
services may come to pose to any other person or the
community, in par. (9) substituted provisions that pre-
trial services shall develop and implement a system to
monitor and evaluate bail activities, provide informa-
tion on the result of bail decisions, and prepare periodic
reports to assist the improvement of the bail process
for provisions that pretrial services agencies would per-
form such other functions as the court might assign,
and added pars. (10)–(12).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Jan. 1, 1993,
see section 1101 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note
under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FOR DRUG TESTING
OF AR-
RESTED PERSONS AND DEFENDANTS ON PROBATION OR
SUPERVISED RELEASE
Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7304, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.
4464, provided that:
‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Director of the Adminis-
trative Office of the United States Courts shall estab-
lish a demonstration program of mandatory testing of
criminal defendants.
‘‘(b) LENGTH OF PROGRAM.—The demonstration pro-
gram shall begin not later than January 1, 1989, and
shall last two years.
‘‘(c) SELECTION
OF
DISTRICTS.—The Judicial Con-
ference of the United States shall select 8 Federal judi-
cial districts in which to carry out the demonstration
program, so that the group selected represents a mix of
districts on the basis of criminal ca
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 18 U.S.C. § 3156
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