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10 U.S.C. § 841 — Art. 41. Challenges
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) The military judge and members of a general or special court-martial may be challenged by the accused or the trial counsel for cause stated to the court. The military judge shall determine the relevancy and validity of challenges for cause, and may not receive a challenge to more than one person at a time. Challenges by the trial counsel shall ordinarily be presented and decided before those by the accused are offered.
(2) If exercise of a challenge for cause reduces the court below the number of members required by [section 816 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section816&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 16), all parties shall (notwithstanding [section 829 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section829&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 29)) either exercise or waive any challenge for cause then apparent against the remaining members of the court before additional members are detailed to the court. However, peremptory challenges shall not be exercised at that time.
**(b)**
(1) Each accused and the trial counsel are entitled initially to one peremptory challenge of members of the court. The military judge may not be challenged except for cause.
(2) If exercise of a peremptory challenge reduces the court below the number of members required by [section 816 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section816&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 16), the parties shall (notwithstanding [section 829 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section829&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 29)) either exercise or waive any remaining peremptory challenge (not previously waived) against the remaining
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-10/section-841-art-41-challenges--a8f7fe870b.md
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Source location: Title 10, Chapter 47, § 841; chapter-047-uniform-code-of-military-justice.md
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**(a)**
(1) The military judge and members of a general or special court-martial may be challenged by the accused or the trial counsel for cause stated to the court. The military judge shall determine the relevancy and validity of challenges for cause, and may not receive a challenge to more than one person at a time. Challenges by the trial counsel shall ordinarily be presented and decided before those by the accused are offered.
(2) If exercise of a challenge for cause reduces the court below the number of members required by [section 816 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section816&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 16), all parties shall (notwithstanding [section 829 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section829&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 29)) either exercise or waive any challenge for cause then apparent against the remaining members of the court before additional members are detailed to the court. However, peremptory challenges shall not be exercised at that time.
**(b)**
(1) Each accused and the trial counsel are entitled initially to one peremptory challenge of members of the court. The military judge may not be challenged except for cause.
(2) If exercise of a peremptory challenge reduces the court below the number of members required by [section 816 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section816&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 16), the parties shall (notwithstanding [section 829 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section829&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 29)) either exercise or waive any remaining peremptory challenge (not previously waived) against the remaining members of the court before additional members are detailed to the court.
**(c)** Whenever additional members are detailed to the court, and after any challenges for cause against such additional members are presented and decided, each accused and the trial counsel are entitled to one peremptory challenge against members not previously subject to peremptory challenge.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Assembly.—** The military judge shall announce the assembly of a general or special court-martial with members. After such a court-martial is assembled, no member may be absent, unless the member is excused—
(1) as a result of a challenge;
(2) under subsection (b)(1)(B); or
(3) by order of the military judge or the convening authority for disability or other good cause.
**(b) Impaneling.—**
(1) Under rules prescribed by the President, the military judge of a general or special court-martial with members shall—
(A) after determination of challenges, impanel the court-martial; and
(B) excuse the members who, having been assembled, are not impaneled.
(2) In a general court-martial, the military judge shall impanel—
(A) 12 members in a capital case; and
(B) eight members in a noncapital case.
(3) In a special court-martial, the military judge shall impanel four members.
**(c) Alternate Members.—** In addition to members under subsection (b), the military judge shall impanel alternate members, if the convening authority authorizes alternate members.
**(d) Detail of New Members.—**
(1) If, after members are impaneled, the membership of the court-martial is reduced to—
(A) fewer than 12 members with respect to a general court-martial in a capital case;
(B) fewer than six members with respect to a general court-martial in a noncapital case; or
(C) fewer than four members with respect to a special court-martial;
the trial may not proceed unless the convening authority details new members and, from among the members so detailed, the military judge impanels new members sufficient in number to provide the membership specified in paragraph (2).
(2) The membership referred to in paragraph (1) is as follows:
(A) 12 members with respect to a g
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter (the Uniform Code of Military Justice):
(1) The term “Judge Advocate General” means, severally, the Judge Advocates General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force and, except when the Coast Guard is operating as a service in the Navy, an official designated to serve as Judge Advocate General of the Coast Guard by the Secretary of Homeland Security.
(2) The Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy, shall be considered as one armed force.
(3) The term “commanding officer” includes only commissioned officers.
(4) The term “officer in charge” means a member of the Navy, the Marine Corps, or the Coast Guard designated as such by appropriate authority.
(5) The term “superior commissioned officer” means a commissioned officer superior in rank or command.
(6) The term “cadet” means a cadet of the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, or the United States Coast Guard Academy.
(7) The term “midshipman” means a midshipman of the United States Naval Academy and any other midshipman on active duty in the naval service.
(8) The term “military” refers to any or all of the armed forces.
(9) The term “accuser” means a person who signs and swears to charges, any person who directs that charges nominally be signed and sworn to by another, and any other person who has an interest other than an official interest in the prosecution of the accused.
(10) The term “military judge” means a judge advocate designated under [section 826(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section826/c&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 26(c)) who is detailed under section 826(a) or [section 830a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** At any time after the service of charges which have been referred for trial to a court-martial composed of a military judge and members, the military judge may, subject to [section 835 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section835&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 35), call the court into session without the presence of the members for the purpose of—
(1) hearing and determining motions raising defenses or objections which are capable of determination without trial of the issues raised by a plea of not guilty;
(2) hearing and ruling upon any matter which may be ruled upon by the military judge under this chapter, whether or not the matter is appropriate for later consideration or decision by the members of the court;
(3) holding the arraignment and receiving the pleas of the accused;
(4) conducting a sentencing proceeding and sentencing the accused under [section 853(b)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section853/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 53(b)(1)); and
(5) performing any other procedural function which may be performed by the military judge under this chapter or under rules prescribed pursuant to [section 836 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section836&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 36) and which does not require the presence of the members of the court.
**(b)** Proceedings under subsection (a) shall be conducted in the presence of the accused, the defense counsel, and the trial counsel and shall be made a part of the record. These proceedings may be conducted notwithstanding the number of members of the court and without regard to [section 829 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The three kinds of courts-martial in each of the armed forces are the following:
(1) General courts-martial, as described in subsection (b).
(2) Special courts-martial, as described in subsection (c).
(3) Summary courts-martial, as described in subsection (d).
**(b) General Courts-martial.—** General courts-martial are of the following three types:
(1) A general court-martial consisting of a military judge and eight members, subject to sections 825(e)(3) and 829 of this title (articles 25(e)(3) and 29).
(2) In a capital case, a general court-martial consisting of a military judge and the number of members determined under [section 825a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section825a&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 25a), subject to sections 825(e)(3) and 829 of this title (articles 25(e)(3) and 29).
(3) A general court-martial consisting of a military judge alone, if, before the court is assembled, the accused, knowing the identity of the military judge and after consultation with defense counsel, requests, orally on the record or in writing, a court composed of a military judge alone and the military judge approves the request.
**(c) Special Courts-martial.—** Special courts-martial are of the following two types:
(1) A special court-martial consisting of a military judge and four members, subject to sections 825(e)(3) and 829 of this title (articles 25(e)(3) and 29).
(2) A special court-martial consisting of a military judge alone—
(A) if the case is so referred, subject to [section 819 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section819&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 19) and such limitations as the President may prescribe by regulation; or
(B)
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** No person may, without his consent, be tried a second time for the same offense.
**(b)** No proceeding in which an accused has been found guilty by a court-martial upon any charge or specification is a trial in the sense of this article until the finding of guilty has become final after review of the case has been fully completed.
**(c)**
(1) A court-martial with a military judge alone is a trial in the sense of this section (article) if, without fault of the accused—
(A) after introduction of evidence; and
(B) before announcement of findings under [section 853 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section853&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 53);
(2) A court-martial with a military judge and members is a trial in the sense of this section (article) if, without fault of the accused—
(A) after the members, having taken an oath as members under [section 842 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section842&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 42) and after completion of challenges under [section 841 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section841&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 41), are impaneled; and
(B) before announcement of findings under [section 853 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section853&num=0&edition=prelim) (article 53);
the case is dismissed or terminated by the convening authority or the special trial counsel or on motion of the prosecution for failure of available evidence or witnesses.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 844
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section 611, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 120, authorized President to prescribe rules. See [section 836 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section836&num=0&edition=prelim), Armed Forces.
Section 612, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 120, related to unlawfully influencing action of court. See [section 837 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section837&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 613, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 120, provided for duties of trial counsel and defense counsel. See [section 838 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section838&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 614, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 121, related to sessions of the courts-martial. See [section 839 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section839&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 615, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 121, provided for continuances. See [section 840 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section840&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 616, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 121, provided for challenges. See [section 841 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section841&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 617, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 121, related to oaths. See [section 842 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section842&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 618, act May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1, 64 Stat. 121, related to statutes of limitation. See [section 843 of Title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 757
TITLE 10—ARMED FORCES
§ 842
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Revised
section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
840 ..........
50:615.
May 5, 1950, ch. 169, § 1
(Art. 40), 64 Stat. 121.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2016—Pub. L. 114–328 substituted ‘‘summary court-
martial’’ for ‘‘court-martial without a military judge’’.
1968—Pub. L. 90–632 inserted reference to military
judge.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2016 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 114–328 effective on Jan. 1,
2019, as designated by the President, with imple-
menting regulations and provisions relating to applica-
bility to various situations, see section 5542 of Pub. L.
114–328 and Ex. Ord. No. 13825, set out as notes under
section 801 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–632 effective first day of
tenth month following October 1968, see section 4 of
Pub. L. 90–632, set out as a note under section 801 of
this title.
§ 841. Art. 41. Challenges
(a)(1) The military judge and members of a
general or special court-martial may be chal-
lenged by the accused or the trial counsel for
cause stated to the court. The military judge
shall determine the relevancy and validity of
challenges for cause, and may not receive a
challenge to more than one person at a time.
Challenges by the trial counsel shall ordinarily
be presented and decided before those by the ac-
cused are offered.
(2) If exercise of a challenge for cause reduces
the court below the number of members required
by section 816 of this title (article 16), all parties
shall (notwithstanding section 829 of this title
(article 29)) either exercise or waive any chal-
lenge for cause then apparent against the re-
maining members of the court before ad
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 10 U.S.C. § 841
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