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42 U.S.C. § 18341 — Development of technologies and in-space capabilities for beyond near-Earth space missions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Development authorized** The Administrator may initiate activities to develop the following:
(1) Technologies identified as necessary elements of missions beyond low-Earth orbit.
(2) In-space capabilities such as refueling and storage technology, orbital transfer stages, innovative in-space propulsion technology, communications, and data management that facilitate a broad range of users (including military and commercial) and applications defining the architecture and design of such missions.
(3) Spacesuit development and associated life support technology.
(4) Flagship missions.
**(b) Investments** In developing technologies and capabilities under subsection (a), the Administrator may make investments—
(1) in space technologies such as advanced propulsion, propellant depots, in situ resource utilization, and robotic payloads or capabilities that enable human missions beyond low-Earth orbit ultimately leading to Mars;
(2) in a space-based transfer vehicle including these technologies with an ability to conduct space-based operations that provide capabilities—
(A) to integrate with the Space Launch System and other space-based systems;
(B) to provide opportunities for in-space servicing of and delivery to multiple space-based platforms; and
(C) to facilitate international efforts to expand human presence to deep space destinations;
(3) in advanced life support technologies and capabilities;
(4) in technologies and capabilities relating to in-space power, propulsion, and energy systems;
(5) in technologies and capabilities relating to in-space propellant transfer and storage;
(6) in technologies and capabilities relating to in situ resource utilization; and
(7) in expanded research to understand the greatest biological impediments to human deep
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-18341-development-of-technologies-and-in-space-capabilities-for-beyond-near-ea--86731e56c2.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 159, § 18341; chapter-159-space-exploration-technology-and-science.md
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**(a) Development authorized** The Administrator may initiate activities to develop the following:
(1) Technologies identified as necessary elements of missions beyond low-Earth orbit.
(2) In-space capabilities such as refueling and storage technology, orbital transfer stages, innovative in-space propulsion technology, communications, and data management that facilitate a broad range of users (including military and commercial) and applications defining the architecture and design of such missions.
(3) Spacesuit development and associated life support technology.
(4) Flagship missions.
**(b) Investments** In developing technologies and capabilities under subsection (a), the Administrator may make investments—
(1) in space technologies such as advanced propulsion, propellant depots, in situ resource utilization, and robotic payloads or capabilities that enable human missions beyond low-Earth orbit ultimately leading to Mars;
(2) in a space-based transfer vehicle including these technologies with an ability to conduct space-based operations that provide capabilities—
(A) to integrate with the Space Launch System and other space-based systems;
(B) to provide opportunities for in-space servicing of and delivery to multiple space-based platforms; and
(C) to facilitate international efforts to expand human presence to deep space destinations;
(3) in advanced life support technologies and capabilities;
(4) in technologies and capabilities relating to in-space power, propulsion, and energy systems;
(5) in technologies and capabilities relating to in-space propellant transfer and storage;
(6) in technologies and capabilities relating to in situ resource utilization; and
(7) in expanded research to understand the greatest biological impediments to human deep space missions, especially the radiation challenge.
**(c) Utilization of ISS as testbed** The Administrator may utilize the ISS as a testbed for any technology or capability developed under subsection (a) in a manner consistent with the provisions of this chapter.
**(d) Coordination** The Administrator shall coordinate development of technologies and capabilities under this section through an overall agency technology approach, as authorized by section 905 of this Act.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Policy.—** Congress declares that a priority goal of constructing the International Space Station is the economic development of Earth orbital space. Congress further declares that free and competitive markets create the most efficient conditions for promoting economic development, and should therefore govern the economic development of Earth orbital space. Congress further declares that the use of free market principles in operating, servicing, allocating the use of, and adding capabilities to the Space Station, and the resulting fullest possible engagement of commercial providers and participation of commercial users, will reduce Space Station operational costs for all partners and the Federal Government’s share of the United States burden to fund operations.
**(b) Use of United States Commercially Provided Services.—**
(1) **In general.—** — In order to stimulate commercial use of space, help maximize the utility and productivity of the International Space Station, and enable a commercial means of providing crew transfer and crew rescue services for the International Space Station, the Administration shall—
(A) make use of United States commercially provided International Space Station crew transfer and crew rescue services to the maximum extent practicable, if those commercial services have demonstrated the capability to meet Administration-specified ascent, entry, and International Space Station proximity operations safety requirements;
(B) limit, to the maximum extent practicable, the use of the Crew Exploration Vehicle to missions carrying astronauts beyond low Earth orbit once commercial crew transfer and crew rescue services that meet safety requirements become operational;
(C) facilitate, to the maximum extent practicable, the transfer of Admi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 51 U.S.C. § 50111
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 9152
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 18327
(5) in technologies and capabilities relating
to in-space propellant transfer and storage;
(6) in technologies and capabilities relating
to in situ resource utilization; and
(7) in expanded research to understand the
greatest biological impediments to human
deep space missions, especially the radiation
challenge.
(c) Utilization of ISS as testbed
The Administrator may utilize the ISS as a
testbed for any technology or capability devel-
oped under subsection (a) in a manner con-
sistent with the provisions of this chapter.
(d) Coordination
The Administrator shall coordinate develop-
ment of technologies and capabilities under this
section through an overall agency technology
approach, as authorized by section 905 of this
Act.
(Pub. L. 111–267, title III, § 308, Oct. 11, 2010, 124
Stat. 2818.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 905 of this Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is
Pub. L. 111–267, title IX, § 905, Oct. 11, 2010, 124 Stat.
2836, which is not classified to the Code.
§ 18327. Report requirement
Within 90 days after October 11, 2010, or upon
completion of reference designs for the Space
Launch System and Multi-purpose Crew Vehicle
authorized by this chapter, whichever occurs
first, the Administrator shall provide a detailed
report to the appropriate committees of Con-
gress that provides an overall description of the
reference vehicle design, the assumptions, de-
scription, data, and analysis of the systems
trades and resolution process, justification of
trade decisions, the design factors which imple-
ment the essential system and vehicle capa-
bility requirements established by this chapter,
the explanation and justification of any devi-
ations from those requirements
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 18341
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