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28 U.S.C. § 620 — Federal Judicial Center
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** There is established within the judicial branch of the Government a Federal Judicial Center, whose purpose it shall be to further the development and adoption of improved judicial administration in the courts of the United States.
**(b)** The Center shall have the following functions:
(1) to conduct research and study of the operation of the courts of the United States, and to stimulate and coordinate such research and study on the part of other public and private persons and agencies;
(2) to develop and present for consideration by the Judicial Conference of the United States recommendations for improvement of the administration and management of the courts of the United States;
(3) to stimulate, create, develop, and conduct programs of continuing education and training for personnel of the judicial branch of the Government and other persons whose participation in such programs would improve the operation of the judicial branch, including, but not limited to, judges, United States magistrate judges, clerks of court, probation officers, and persons serving as mediators and arbitrators;
(4) insofar as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to provide staff, research, and planning assistance to the Judicial Conference of the United States and its committees;
(5) Insofar 11 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to cooperate with the State Justice Institute in the establishment and coordination of research and programs concerning the administration of justice; and
(6) insofar as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to cooperate with and assist agencies of
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-28/section-620-federal-judicial-center--7de99af2fe.md
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Source location: Title 28, Chapter 42, § 620; chapter-042-federal-judicial-center.md
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**(a)** There is established within the judicial branch of the Government a Federal Judicial Center, whose purpose it shall be to further the development and adoption of improved judicial administration in the courts of the United States.
**(b)** The Center shall have the following functions:
(1) to conduct research and study of the operation of the courts of the United States, and to stimulate and coordinate such research and study on the part of other public and private persons and agencies;
(2) to develop and present for consideration by the Judicial Conference of the United States recommendations for improvement of the administration and management of the courts of the United States;
(3) to stimulate, create, develop, and conduct programs of continuing education and training for personnel of the judicial branch of the Government and other persons whose participation in such programs would improve the operation of the judicial branch, including, but not limited to, judges, United States magistrate judges, clerks of court, probation officers, and persons serving as mediators and arbitrators;
(4) insofar as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to provide staff, research, and planning assistance to the Judicial Conference of the United States and its committees;
(5) Insofar 11 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized. as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to cooperate with the State Justice Institute in the establishment and coordination of research and programs concerning the administration of justice; and
(6) insofar as may be consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth in this section, to cooperate with and assist agencies of the Federal Government and other appropriate organizations in providing information and advice to further improvement in the administration of justice in the courts of foreign countries and to acquire information about judicial administration in foreign countries that may contribute to performing the other functions set forth in this section.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this title the following definitions shall apply:
(1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized.
(2) The term “affiliate” means—
(A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or
(D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement.
(3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 11 U.S.C. § 101
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The judges of each United States district court and the district courts of the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands shall appoint United States magistrate judges in such numbers and to serve at such locations within the judicial districts as the Judicial Conference may determine under this chapter. In the case of a magistrate judge appointed by the district court of the Virgin Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands, this chapter shall apply as though the court appointing such a magistrate judge were a United States district court. Where there is more than one judge of a district court, the appointment, whether an original appointment or a reappointment, shall be by the concurrence of a majority of all the judges of such district court, and when there is no such concurrence, then by the chief judge. Where the conference deems it desirable, a magistrate judge may be designated to serve in one or more districts adjoining the district for which he is appointed. Such a designation shall be made by the concurrence of a majority of the judges of each of the district courts involved and shall specify the duties to be performed by the magistrate judge in the adjoining district or districts.
**(b)** No individual may be appointed or reappointed to serve as a magistrate judge under this chapter unless:
(1) He has been for at least five years a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Territory of Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Virgin Islands of the United States, except that an individual who does not meet the bar membership requirements of this paragraph may be appointed and serve as a part-time magistrate judge if the appo
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 631
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Social security benefits and tier I railroad retirement benefits** Benefits payable under the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance program established under title II of the Social Security Act ([42 U.S.C. 401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), and benefits payable under sections 231b and 231c 11 See References in Text note below. of title 45, shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(b) Veterans programs** The following programs shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter: All programs administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Special benefits for certain World War II veterans (28–0401–0–1–701).
**(c) Net interest** No reduction of payments for net interest (all of major functional category 900) shall be made under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(d) Refundable income tax credits and certain elective payments**
(1) **Refundable income tax credits** — Payments to individuals made pursuant to provisions of title 26 establishing refundable tax credits shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
(2) **Certain elective payments** — Payments made to taxpayers pursuant to elections under subsection (d) of [section 48D of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section48D&num=0&edition=prelim), or amounts treated as payments which are made by taxpayers under paragraph (1) of such subsection, shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(e) Non-defense unobligated balances** Unobligated balances of budget authority carried over from prior fiscal years, except balances in the defense categor
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 905
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Institution of civil actions** When directed to do so pursuant to [section 288b(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title2-section288b/b&num=0&edition=prelim), the Counsel shall bring a civil action under any statute conferring jurisdiction on any court of the United States (including [section 1365 of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1365&num=0&edition=prelim)), to enforce, to secure a declaratory judgment concerning the validity of, or to prevent a threatened failure or refusal to comply with, any subpena or order issued by the Senate or a committee or a subcommittee of the Senate authorized to issue a subpena or order.
**(b) Actions in name of committees and subcommittees** Any directive to the Counsel to bring a civil action pursuant to subsection (a) in the name of a committee or subcommittee of the Senate shall, for such committee or subcommittee, constitute authorization to bring such action within the meaning of any statute conferring jurisdiction on any court of the United States.
**(c) Consideration of resolutions authorizing actions** It shall not be in order in the Senate to consider a resolution to direct the Counsel to bring a civil action pursuant to subsection (a) in the name of a committee or subcommittee unless—
(1) such resolution is reported by a majority of the members voting, a majority being present, of such committee or committee of which such subcommittee is a subcommittee, and
(2) the report filed by such committee or committee of which such subcommittee is a subcommittee contains a statement of—
(A) the procedure followed in issuing such subpena;
(B) the extent to which the party subpenaed has complied with such subpena;
(C) any o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 288d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter, the term—
(1) “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Institute;
(2) “Director” means the Executive Director of the Institute;
(3) “Governor” means the Chief Executive Officer of a State;
(4) “Institute” means the State Justice Institute;
(5) “recipient” means any grantee, contractor, or recipient of financial assistance under this chapter;
(6) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and any other territory or possession of the United States;
(7) “Supreme Court” means the highest appellate court within a State unless, for the purposes of this chapter, a constitutionally or legislatively established judicial council acts in place of that court; and
(8) “domestic violence” means—
(A) any action that constitutes—
(i) attempting to cause or intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing bodily injury or physical illness;
(ii) rape, sexual assault, or causing involuntary deviate sexual intercourse;
(iii) placing by physical menace another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury; or
(iv) the infliction of false imprisonment;
if such action is taken by one of 2 spouses, former spouses, or sexual or intimate partners against the other spouse, former spouse, or partner and the 2 of whom share biological parenthood of, have adopted, are legal custodians of, or are stepparents of a minor child; or
(B) physically or sexually abusing such minor child if such abuse is inflicted by either of such spouses, former spouses, or partners.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 10701
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Duties of Institute** With respect to grants made and contracts or cooperative agreements entered into under this chapter, the Institute shall—
(1) ensure that no funds made available to recipients by the Institute shall be used at any time, directly or indirectly, to influence the issuance, amendment, or revocation of any Executive order or similar promulgation by any Federal, State, or local agency, or to undertake to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation or constitutional amendment by the Congress of the United States, or by any State or local legislative body, or any State proposal by initiative petition, or of any referendum, unless a governmental agency, legislative body, a committee, or a member thereof—
(A) requests personnel of the recipients to testify, draft, or review measures or to make representations to such agency, body, committee, or member; or
(B) is considering a measure directly affecting the activities under this chapter of the recipient or the Institute; and
(2) ensure all personnel engaged in grant, cooperative agreement or contract assistance activities supported in whole or part by the Institute refrain, while so engaged, from any partisan political activity.
**(b) Use of funds for training programs for advocacy of nonjudicial public policies or encouraging nonjudicial political activities** No funds made available by the Institute under this chapter, either by grant, cooperative agreement, or contract, may be used to support or conduct training programs for the purpose of advocating particular nonjudicial public policies or encouraging nonjudicial political activities.
**(c) Authority coextensive with appropriation Acts** The authorization to enter into cooperative agreements, contracts or any other obligation under
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 295
TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
§ 620
(B) the legality of the proposed payment
under the appropriation or fund involved;
and
(C) the correctness of the computations of
certified payment requests.
(2) LIABILITY.—The liability of a certifying
officer shall be enforced in the same manner
and to the same extent as provided by law
with respect to the enforcement of the liabil-
ity of disbursing and other accountable offi-
cers. A certifying officer shall be required to
make restitution to the United States for the
amount of any illegal, improper, or incorrect
payment resulting from any false, inaccurate,
or misleading certificates made by the certi-
fying officer, as well as for any payment pro-
hibited by law or which did not represent a
legal obligation under the appropriation or
fund involved.
(c) RIGHTS.—A certifying or disbursing offi-
cer—
(1) has the right to apply for and obtain a de-
cision by the Comptroller General on any
question of law involved in a payment request
presented for certification; and
(2) is entitled to relief from liability arising
under this section in accordance with title 31.
(d) OTHER AUTHORITY NOT AFFECTED.—Nothing
in this section affects the authority of the
courts with respect to moneys deposited with
the courts under chapter 129 of this title.
(Added Pub. L. 106–518, title III, § 304(a), Nov. 13,
2000, 114 Stat. 2417.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
CONSTRUCTION
Pub. L. 106–518, title III, § 304(c), Nov. 13, 2000, 114
Stat. 2418, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by
subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall not be con-
strued to authorize the hiring of any Federal officer or
employee.’’
SIMILAR PROVISIONS
Pub. L. 106–553, § 1(a)(2) [title III, § 304], Dec. 21, 2000,
114 Stat. 27
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 28 U.S.C. § 620
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